Table 3 Endocytic pathways of nanoparticles
Type of nanoparticles | Characteristics of nanoparticles | Endocytic pathways | Experimental design | IBD | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLGA | 397 nm, ligands, cationic, hydrophilic, unspecified | Clathrin-dependent endocytosis + paracellular | In vitro: Caco-2; in vivo (mice) | No | |
PLGA | 170–190 nm, negative, spherical | Endocytosis: caveolin + active transport | In vitro: Caco-2; in vivo (mice) | No | |
PLGA | 50–200 nm, protein ligands, biodegradable, spherical | Transcytosis | In vitro: C2BBe1 Raji | No | |
PLGA | 110–150 nm, positive, with ligands, spherical | Endocytosis: clathrin, caveolin, macropinocytosis | In vitro: Caco-2 | No | |
PLGA | 141 nm, spherical, negative with ligands | Endocytosis: clathrin, caveolin, macropinocytosis | In vitro: Caco-2 | No | |
PLGA | 100–200 nm, spherical, hydrophilic with ligands, spherical | Endocytosis: clathrin, caveolin, macropinocytosis | In vitro: Caco-2/HT29-MTX | No | |
PLGA | 120 nm, with chitosan, positive, spherical, hydrophilic | Endocytosis | In vitro: Caco-2 | No | |
PLGA | 237 nm, positive, with ligand, hydrophilic, spherical | NA | In vitro: cell line not specified | No | |
PLGA | 140 nm, negative, amphiphilic, spherical | NA | NA | No | |
PEG–PLGA | 50–160 nm, lipid, hydrophilic, spherical | Endocytosis: clathrin, caveolin | In vitro: E12, Caco-2, BxPC-3, HPSC | No | |
PEG–PLGA | 110 nm, hydrophilic, spherical, biodegradable | Transcytosis/endocytosis | In vitro: Caco-2, J774A | Yes | |
PEG–PLGA | 94–136 nm, spherical, weakly negative | Endocytosis | In vitro: Caco-2, macrofagi | No | |
PEG–PLGA | 158 nm, neutral, biodegradable, spherical | Enterocyte endocytosis; accumulation in inflammatory lesions | In vivo (mice) | Yes | |
PLGA + mPEG–PAE | 132 nm, negative, hydrophilic, spherical | Macropinocytosis + endocytosis: caveolin | In vitro: Caco-2; in vivo (mice) | No | |
mPEG–PAE | 82–98 nm, negative, hydrophilic, spherical | Macropinocytosis + endocytosis: caveolin | In vitro: Caco-2; in vivo (mice) | No |
