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This study found COVID-19 vaccination offers added protection against reinfection in children and adolescents with prior infection but variable effectiveness across variants. Findings support vaccination benefits beyond infection-acquired immunity.

Many hospitalised children with acute illness in low- and middle-income countries experience incomplete recovery, readmission, and post-discharge mortality despite guideline-directed care. Here the authors report multiomic profiling to investigate biological drivers of hospital in-patient and post-discharge mortality in 3,101 acutely ill children across nine sites in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Using an international collection of population-based microbiome studies of participants in the MicroCardio Consortium, a cross-cohort meta-analysis identified several phylogenetically diverse, species- and strain-level microbial features as well as community-level functional shifts encompassing diverse pathways to type 2 diabetes.

The study identifies novel genetic variants linked to core cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s Disease biomarkers using a genome-wide analysis, showing how endophenotypes can identify genes and disease mechanisms not captured by case-control studies.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

A two-dimensional/two-dimensional contact of metallic Nb_0.3W_0.7Se₂ and tungsten diselenide can be used to make p-type transistors with channel lengths of 100 nm and on-currents of over 1.1 mA µm⁻¹.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

In the phase 3 EMN24 IsKia trial, transplant-eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who received isatuximab with carfilzomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone pretransplant induction and post-transplant consolidation showed higher rates of measurable residual disease negativity after consolidation than patients who received carfilzomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone.

Sulfation helps shape cartilage, bone and other biological functions. Here, the authors identify MESH1 as the 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate-degrading enzyme that controls sulfation in animals and show that blocking MESH1 restores sulfation-linked defects, revealing a potential therapeutic target.

Glioblastoma—the deadliest form of brain cancer—alters the calvarial bone and its marrow components, pushing it toward producing more myeloid cells and contributing to an immunosuppressive environment.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited efficacy in recurrent high-grade astrocytoma (rHGA). Here the authors report the results of a Phase 1/randomized Phase 2b trial of laser interstitial thermal therapy followed by anti-PD1 pembrolizumab in patients with rHGA.

By studying 23 neurodevelopmental disorder genes across model systems and brain cell types, the authors uncovered shared downstream effects that converge on synaptic biology, epigenetic regulation and mitochondrial function.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports a measurement of the ratio of the decay rates of W bosons to τ leptons and muons, in agreement with universal lepton couplings as postulated in the standard model of particle physics.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Melki, Avula and colleagues combine three-dimensional panoramic optical mapping with micro-computed tomography and deep learning to generate structural and electrical activation data of the heart and elucidate mechanisms of conduction abnormalities.

Submicron light-driven nanorobots powered by a plasmonic directional nanoantenna are controlled by laser polarization. They move rapidly along complex paths and capture, assemble, transport, and release bacteria, functioning as robotic cleaners.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.

Peanut is an important oil and protein crop. Here, the authors presents a population-specific pangenome for the PeanutMAGIC multiparent population and identify a third recessive AhFAD2C gene that can independently segregate and influence oleic acid content in peanut.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

In this study the authors consider the structural variants (SVs) present within cancer cases of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. They report hundreds of genes, including known cancer-associated genes for which the nearby presence of a SV breakpoint is associated with altered expression.

Merlin, a vision–language foundation model trained on a large dataset of paired CT scans, patient record data and radiology reports, demonstrates strong performance across model architectures, diagnostic and prognostic tasks, and external sites.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Near-infrared fluorescent proteins are non-invasive probes for deep tissue imaging, but because of the dimeric state they perform poorly in protein labelling. Here, the authors engineered three spectrally resolvable monomeric near-infrared probes with improved brightness for multiscale imaging.

The conversion of alkenes to esters is performed on a large scale worldwide, but relies on the use of toxic and flammable carbon monoxide. Here, the authors show a catalytic system where carbon dioxide—normally unreactive, but cheap and abundant—can be employed instead.

Macrophages have been reported to regulate thermogenic, sympathetic neuron-mediated norepinephrine signaling in adipose tissues. Here the authors report that male mice lacking the allograft inflammatory factor-1 protein are resistant to diet-induced obesity, in association with higher adipose norepinephrine levels and lower expression of the norepinephrine catabolic enzyme monoamine oxidase A.

Using data from a single time point, passenger-approximated clonal expansion rate (PACER) estimates the fitness of common driver mutations that lead to clonal haematopoiesis and identifies TCL1A activation as a mediator of clonal expansion.

Nguyen et al. show that the splenic environment provides sequential signals via lymphotoxin and retinoic acid that guide cDC2A development and retention.

EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)-targeted therapy is limited by efficient agents inducing lytic cycle in cancer cells. Here they report a transcriptional activator incorporated into lipid nanoparticles that could specifically activate endogenous BZLF1 and induce lytic reactivation in EBV-positive cancer cells thereby suppress tumor progression.

Integrative analyses of transcriptome and whole-genome sequencing data for 1,188 tumours across 27 types of cancer are used to provide a comprehensive catalogue of RNA-level alterations in cancer.

Some cancer patients first present with metastases where the location of the primary is unidentified; these are difficult to treat. In this study, using machine learning, the authors develop a method to determine the tissue of origin of a cancer based on whole sequencing data.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Components of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signal pathway function as classic tumor suppressors, but the role of the TGF-βs themselves is less clear. Here we show that mice heterozygous for deletion of the TGF-β1 gene express only 10–30% of wild-type TGF-β1 protein levels. Although grossly normal, these mice have a subtly altered proliferative phenotype, with increased cell turnover in the liver and lung. Treatment of these mice with chemical carcinogens resulted in enhanced tumorigenesis when compared with wild-type littermates. However, tumors in the heterozygous mice did not lose the remaining wild-type TGF-β1 allele, indicating that the TGF-β1 ligand is a new form of tumor suppressor that shows true haploid insufficiency in its ability to protect against tumorigenesis.

Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.