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Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Root-knot nematodes locate host plants by sensing microbial volatiles shaped by plant defence metabolites, revealing a surprising ecological link between plant chemistry, soil microbes and parasite behaviour in the rhizosphere.

Using a large dataset of neural recordings and modern video-analysis methods, Wang, Kurgyis et al. describe a rich, structured encoding of movement across and within brain areas in mice performing both instructed and uninstructed movements in a task.

iGluSnFR4f and iGluSnFR4s are the latest generation of genetically encoded glutamate sensors. They are advantageous for detecting rapid dynamics and large population activity, respectively, as demonstrated in a variety of applications in the mouse brain.

Human and rodent supragranular pyramidal neurons differ in HCN channel-related properties. Comparison across primates reveals robust HCN1 expression and HCN channel-dependent physiology, with cell type dependent differences in macaques versus humans.

This Resource presents a scalable method to build a connectome from light-microscopy-based reconstructions of mouse neurons and inferred synaptic connections that were derived from the overlap of axonal and dendritic arbors or boutons and dendritic arbors. The inferred connectome has been validated with additional multi-modal datasets.

Improved vaccines and antivirals are needed for many enveloped viruses. Here, the authors identify sulfur-based small molecules that disrupt viral membrane properties, inhibiting fusion and entry, and safely inactivate influenza virus. The resulting inactivated influenza vaccine is protective in mice.

In a trial involving 45 clinics and 15,596 visits, the use of an AI-based screening tool applied to ECG for opportunistic detection of advanced chronic liver disease led to a significant increase in new diagnoses compared to the standard workflow.

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant global health threat, necessitating swift and precise diagnostic solutions. Here, the authors introduce a culture-free diagnostic platform integrating microfluidic cell enrichment, single-cell Raman spectroscopy, and deep learning, that identifies bacterial and fungal infections directly from clinical samples within 20 minutes.

The International Brain Laboratory presents a brain-wide electrophysiological map obtained from pooling data from 12 laboratories that performed the same standardized perceptual decision-making task in mice.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

mBrainAligner is a cross-modal registration platform for whole mouse brains imaged with different modalities. In addition, a fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography-based mouse brain atlas has been generated.

Here the authors analyzed 3.7 petavoxels of 3D imaging data from 204 mouse brains, aiming to comprehensively characterize diverse morphological and modular patterns conserved across six spatial scales of mouse brain anatomy, ranging from the whole-brain scale to synaptic levels.

Neural networks fundamentally dictate function. Here, the authors show thirteen uniquely connected neuron populations within the anterior thalamic nuclei, suggesting multiple parallel subnetworks support its emotional and cognitive functions.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Cell type epigenetic and topographic information of primate brain is lacking. Here, authors identified transcriptional regulatory network, gradient expression pattern and disease vulnerability at cell type level in PFC, M1 and V1 of monkey brain by snRNAseq, snATAC-seq and Stereo-seq.

The authors integrate single-cell transcriptomic data with prior gene graphs to produce a biologically meaningful cell state manifold that can predict driver genes for genetic perturbations and differentiation events across diverse cell types.

A study reports whole-genome sequences for 490,640 participants from the UK Biobank and combines these data with phenotypic data to provide new insights into the relationship between human variation and sequence variation.

Multi-modal analysis is used to generate a 3D atlas of the upper limb area of the mouse primary motor cortex, providing a framework for future studies of motor control circuitry.

The response to immune checkpoint blockade in head and neck cancer has been heterogenous. Here, the authors utilise longitudinal sampling of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model to identify biomarkers of response.

Sparse labelling and whole-brain imaging are used to reconstruct and classify brain-wide complete morphologies of 1,741 individual neurons in the mouse brain, revealing a dependence on both brain region and transcriptomic profile.

The role of autoantibodies in bullous pemphigoid (BP) and their impact on keratinocytes and the response to BP pathology remains underexplored. By leveraging transcriptomics analysis and large-scale protein assays, here the authors identify keratinocyte MyD88 as a regulator of the pro-inflammatory response in BP, uncovering the role of keratinocytes in this disease pathology.

Multiancestry fine-mapping of brain protein quantitative trait loci coupled with Mendelian randomization analyses identifies protein–trait pairs consistent with causal effects across neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Reliable measuring the voltage dynamics of individual neurons in the intact brain is significantly challenging. Here authors developed an all-optical method combining two-photon voltage imaging and optogenetics to measure and induce synaptic plasticity in vivo, revealing LTP of inhibition in cerebellar circuits and providing a blueprint to link synaptic changes to learning.

In this study, the authors develop a comprehensive taxonomy of brain-wide SPNs, identifying several novel subsets via their transcriptional signatures.

The BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network has constructed a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex in a landmark effort towards understanding brain cell-type diversity, neural circuit organization and brain function.

An examination of motor cortex in humans, marmosets and mice reveals a generally conserved cellular makeup that is likely to extend to many mammalian species, but also differences in gene expression, DNA methylation and chromatin state that lead to species-dependent specializations.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

The NeuroXiv platform enables AI-powered open mining of a database of reconstructions of more than 175,000 mouse neurons, registered to the Common Coordinate Framework. The platform supports queries about connectivity, projection patterns and other morphological features.

The authors describe an integrated atlas of the diverse cell types in the mouse primary motor cortex.

Liu et al., report extensive maps of chromatin interactions, single-cell expression, and other molecular features in human arterioles and uncover mechanisms linking noncoding genetic variants to gene expression and the development of hypertension.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Enhanced polyamine depletion in neuroblastoma models decreases translation of mRNA codons with adenosine in the third position, reprogramming the tumour proteome away from cell cycle progression and towards differentiation.

A genome-wide association meta-analysis study of blood lipid levels in roughly 1.6 million individuals demonstrates the gain of power attained when diverse ancestries are included to improve fine-mapping and polygenic score generation, with gains in locus discovery related to sample size.

The expression of each of the roughly 22,000 genes of the mouse genome has been mapped, at cellular resolution, across all major structures of the mouse brain, revealing that 80% of all genes appear to be expressed in the brain.

This Resource presents a method to define connectivity types of neurons based on a spatially registered large database containing more than 20,000 neuronal reconstructions. A brain connectivity map is also generated using such connectivity features.

A large language model designed for health monitoring provides personalized sleep and fitness predictions, insights and advice.

To address the phase instability issue of perovskites, ammonium propionic acid is introduced to enhance the phase stability of both perovskite layers in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells, resulting in improved efficiency and reproducibility.

A high-bandwidth neuromotor interface offers performant out-of-the-box generalization across people.

Using mouse lines in which subsets of neurons are genetically labelled, the authors provide generalized anatomical rules for connections within and between the cortex and thalamus.

Together with a companion paper, the generation of a transcriptomic atlas for the mouse lemur and analyses of example cell types establish this animal as a molecularly tractable primate model organism.

Together with an accompanying paper presenting a transcriptomic atlas of the mouse lemur, interrogation of the atlas provides a rich body of data to support the use of the organism as a model for primate biology and health.

Researchers developed DELTA, a method for brain-wide measurement of synaptic protein turnover with single-synapse resolution, providing a powerful tool to localize and study mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity and learning.

Analysis of fully clinically annotated and sequenced melanoma tumor samples collected before anti-PD1 treatment suggests that determinants of response differ on the basis of previous anti-CTLA4 therapy, and that tumor mutational burden may not be a strong predictor of response across melanoma subtypes.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

Nakada, Titus et al. show that p22^phox, a heterodimeric partner of NADPH oxidases, prevents sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) oxidation at Cys498 and its downregulation. This study suggests that therapeutic interventions to protect this residue may sustain SERCA2a expression in heart failure.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.