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A technique called condense-seq has been developed to measure nucleosome condensability and used to show that mononucleosomes contain sufficient information to condense into large-scale compartments without requiring any external factors.

Using fMRI, this study developed a brain signature for affective arousal that demonstrates high sensitivity across valence while remaining distinct from autonomic arousal and wakefulness, offering broad applications.

This study demonstrates that 16p11.2 hemideletion, a genetic deletion linked to neurodevelopmental disorders, affects male and female mice differently, altering specific striatal neuronal circuits and driving sex-specific behavioral changes.

Chronic tinnitus is often treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy, hearing aids, counselling, or sound therapy, but their combined benefit is unclear. Here, the authors show, in a multicentre randomised trial, that combination treatments improve tinnitus scores more than single therapies, though benefits appear compensatory rather than synergistic.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Here the authors show that endogenous or therapeutically delivered GDF-15 activates brainstem neurons that trigger splenic β-adrenergic signaling. This, in turn, suppresses autoreactive T cells and reduces neuroinflammation, identifying a possible target for multiple sclerosis treatment.

This study finds that decision markets can be a useful tool for selecting studies for replication. For a sample of 26 online experiments published in PNAS selected by a decision market, the authors find replication rates ranging between 54% and 62%.

This study shows that brain connectivity changes in Huntington’s disease begin decades before symptoms, shifting from hyper- to hypoconnectivity, with links to specific neurotransmitter systems specially in granular and infragranular cortical layers.

Integrated clinical and single-cell analysis of primary pancreatic tumor samples that later recur in the liver or lung shows that tumor cells at the primary site transcriptionally resemble the normal parenchymal epithelia of the liver or lung, respectively.

In support of an evolutionary model that links distaste, disgust and socio-moral processes, Gan et al. use functional magnetic resonance imaging to develop a neuromarker for subjective core disgust that generalizes to oral distaste and unfairness.

Genomic analyses applied to 14 childhood- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders identifies five underlying genomic factors that explain the majority of the genetic variance of the individual disorders.

The infectious viral load of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 is lower than that of Delta in symptomatic breakthrough infections of recipients of two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine, suggesting that the higher transmission of Omicron BA.1 is not linked to higher infectious viral load.

Here the authors provide an explanation for 95% of examined predicted loss of function variants found in disease-associated haploinsufficient genes in the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), underscoring the power of the presented analysis to minimize false assignments of disease risk.

A large brain imaging study of over 2000 people worldwide shows that fear conditioning engages brain regions linked to emotion and attention, with differences in individuals with anxiety or depression and strong influences from task design.

Cells can regulate their mass density. Here, the authors demonstrate how eukaryotes establish and maintain a lower density in the nucleus than in the cytoplasm via pressure balance, and how deviations emerge during pathophysiological states like senescence.

Neuropathic pain is common in HIV patients, but its mechanism is unclear. Here, the authors show that a subpopulation of reactive astrocytes in the spinal cord promotes neuronal loss and drives HIV-associated pain.

The neural systems which underlie the experience of anticipated threat under uncertainty are not well understood. Here, the authors find a whole-brain signature which specifically predicts anxious anticipation.

Precision functional mapping shows that the frontostriatal salience network occupies nearly twice as much of the cortex in people with depression, and this was unaffected by mood changes and detected in children before onset of symptoms.

A free-living trial in people with overweight or obesity found that minimally processed diets led to greater weight loss and cardiometabolic improvements than ultraprocessed diets following UK healthy eating guidelines at 8 weeks.

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a serious complication of metastatic solid tumors with a poor prognosis. Here, by using single-cell RNA sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid, the authors report genomic and immune correlates of response to immunotherapy in two cohorts of patients with LMD treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Early detection of clinical deterioration in intensive care unit patients is essential for timely interventions but remains challenging. Here, the authors show that an AI model, APRICOT-M, predicts changes in patient acuity and the need for life-sustaining therapies in real time.

The brain systems underlying fear experience are debated. Here the authors develop an fMRI-based neural signature for fear and show that fear is represented in distributed brain systems rather than isolated ‘fear centers’.

Adapting their Pace of Aging method across two population studies of older adults, Balachandran and colleagues find that a faster aging rate puts older adults at risk for early onset of disability and dementia, and shortened lifespan.

Single-molecule chromatin fiber sequencing exposes single-cell-level heterogeneity in the chromatin architecture of individual regulatory elements.

Wang, Kronenberg-Tenga, Rosti and colleagues use several structural approaches to analyze the distribution of nucleosomes at the lamin–chromatin interface, test the impact of lamins on nucleosome density and identify a lamin A nucleosome-binding motif.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Circular breathwork induces altered states of consciousness similar to psychedelics, predicted by decreases in CO2 saturation. Acute physiological and psychological dynamics during breathwork in turn predict sustained mental health benefits.

Speech is produced and perceived at a rate of 4–5 Hz. Gagl et al. show that the temporal structure of our eye movements during reading is similar (3.9–5.2 Hz), suggesting a temporal link between reading and speech.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome leads to an increased predisposition to tumour development. Here, the authors develop a support vector machine model to predict early cancer risk in individuals using peripheral blood DNA methylation profiles.

Genomic analyses in large cohorts of patients with cancer identify a new measure of tumor mutational burden, based on genomic regions that are unlikely to undergo loss, that is associated with therapeutic response to immunotherapy.

Epilepsy is a brain network disorder with associated genetic risk factors. Here, the authors show that spatial patterns of transcriptomic vulnerability co-vary with structural brain network alterations in focal and generalized epilepsy.

Little is known about the long-term effects of early-career setback. Here, the authors compare junior scientists who were awarded a NIH grant to those with similar track records, who were not, and find that individuals with the early setback systematically performed better in the longer term.

The study performed on a large, heterogeneous and multisite sample of youth with anxiety disorders reveals that only modest classification performances can be realistically achieved with machine learning using neuroanatomical data.

Visual cognition compensates for small changes in an object’s appearance to ensure its perceived continuity. We show that in situations with multiple objects, context features like color, temporal or spatial position are used as anchors to selectively integrate corresponding objects over time.

Organoid models of intestinal stem cell differentiation into Paneth cells allow for the identification, via high-throughput phenotypic screening, of biological targets and small molecules regulating the composition of intestinal epithelium.