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The function of histone lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) is unclear in plants. Here, the authors show that H3K9bhb is enriched at transcription start sites in rice and regulates gene expression during immune responses.

A lightweight, modular assistive soft exosuit is introduced, which supports shoulder and elbow movement in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury. The device enhances endurance and range of motion, reduces muscle effort and improves clinical test scores.

Achieving fairness while preserving privacy in medical imaging tasks remains a significant challenge. Here, the authors present and comprehensively evaluate a federated learning framework to tackle both fairness and privacy issues, using a flexible regularization term to integrate multiple fairness criteria.

Two-dimensional materials offer potential for coherent light sources but face challenges with integration in silicon photonics. Here, the authors demonstrate a high-performance on-chip photonic circuit based entirely on a van der Waals heterostructure for coherent light generation, guiding and modulation.

Specific retinal connectivity depends on laminar restriction of neuronal processes. The authors show that a single transcription factor specifies a common laminar identity in dendrites of four retinal cell types, albeit via cell-type-specific means.

The molecular network controlling seed size remains elusive. Using genetic and functional analyses, researchers found that the transcription factor OsGRF4 (GS2) forms a module with its regulator OsmiR396 and coactivator GIFs to regulate grain size in rice.

Current DNA-assembled nanophotonic devices can only reconfigure among random or few defined states. Here, the authors demonstrate a DNA-assembled rotary plasmonic nanoclock in which a rotor gold nanorod carries out directional and reversible 360° rotation transitioning among 16 well-defined configurations.

The use of lung and colonic organoid systems to assess the susceptibility of lung and gut cells to SARS-CoV-2 and to screen FDA-approved drugs that have antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 is demonstrated.

Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion efficiency is limited by the energy matching of the sensitizer and acceptor parts. Here, the authors implement a dual annihilator system in chiral liquid crystals to achieve efficient circularly polarized emission.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

Nuclear morphology plays a critical role in regulating gene expression and cell function. Here, Wang et al. report that topography-induced nuclear deformation enhances the secretome of hMSCs, promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) organization and facilitating bone regeneration through matricrine effects.

Faust, Chen, and colleagues present PHARAOH, a collaborative computational pathology platform that allows histologists to quickly develop custom labelled image datasets to train and catalogue a variety of machine learning models for histopathological analysis.

Single-photon sources with a single-photon efficiency of 0.60, a single-photon purity of 0.975 and an indistinguishability of 0.975 are demonstrated. This is achieved by fabricating elliptical resonators around site-registered quantum dots.

ACTA2 p.R179 variants cause pediatric strokes due to moyamoya disease (MMD)-like occlusions. Here, the authors show that Acta2^R179C/+ smooth muscle cells are immature, causing MMD-like lesions that are reversed by altering cellular metabolism.

Here, the authors develop a graphene plasmonic infrared sensor to probe the secondary structure of nanoscale assembly intermediates and the morphological evolution of silk nanofibrils, the fundamental building blocks of silk fibres.

The efficiency of nonlinear optical processes in 2D materials is often reduced by weak light-matter interactions and crystal symmetry constraints. Here, the authors report the enhancement of classical second-harmonic generation in hexagonal boron nitride and quantum spontaneous parametric down-conversion in NbOCl₂ flakes by combining them with Au or SiO₂/Au substrates.

A general two-step intercalation and cation-exchange strategy is used to produce a library of highly ordered magnetic intercalation superlattices with tunable chemical modulations and magnetic ordering.

This study of immunological memory diversity in the human upper airway provides new understanding of immune memory at a major mucosal barrier tissue in humans.

Mutational effect transfer learning (METL) is a protein language model framework that unites machine learning and biophysical modeling. Transformer-based neural networks are pretrained on biophysical simulation data to capture fundamental relationships between protein sequence, structure and energetics.

A direct, selective photocatalytic method for synthesizing glycols from olefins at room temperature uses water as the oxidizing agent and H₂ as byproduct. The hydroxylation proceeds by hydroxyl radicals formed by photocatalytic dissociation of water.

Duan et al. find that the membrane skeleton protein spectrin is required for myoblast fusion in Drosophila, accumulating in a mechanosensitive manner in the receiving partner during cell–cell fusion to modulate adhesion and protrusion events.

It is not easy finding a worthy successor to highly refined microchip technologies. But electronic devices built from molecular-scale components are fast becoming a good bet.

The relative contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to astrocyte heterogeneity is unknown. Using heterotropic transplantation of septal astrocytes with distinct lineage origins, we show that local factors specify their ultimate identities.

The LHCb experiment at CERN has observed significant asymmetries between the decay rates of the beauty baryon and its CP-conjugated antibaryon, thus demonstrating CP violation in baryon decays.

Mutations of the human KALRN gene are implicated in schizophrenia. Here, Russell et al.identify a genetic variant of this gene in a schizophrenia patient and his sibling diagnosed with major depressive disorder and substance abuse, and find that this is associated with reduced cortical volume and thickness.

Duplication of the MECP2 gene (encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2) causes MECP2 duplication syndrome. Here the authors develop a Cas13Y system capable of targeting the MECP2 mRNA for degradation and reducing protein levels in the brain of humanized MECP2-transgenic mice and nonhuman primates.

A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of type 2 diabetes (T2D) identifies more than 600 T2D-associated loci; integrating physiological trait and single-cell chromatin accessibility data at these loci sheds light on heterogeneity within the T2D phenotype.

The mechanisms underlying circadian homeostasis remain elusive. Here, the authors show that anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh)-mediated signaling sustains molecular clock oscillations in the pituitary gland, thereby maintaining circadian homeostasis at both tissue and systemic levels.

Analyses of genome and exome sequencing data identify rare coding and structural variants associated with atrial fibrillation and highlight genetic links between atrial fibrillation and cardiomyopathies.

Here, the authors show that histone H3 through H3K56 acetylation, is essential for chromatin remodelling in nascent chromatin post-DNA replication. Subsequent H3K56 deacetylation during G2/M signals chromatin maturation, ensures both genome and epigenome integrity.

Probing the biophysical properties of the complex lipids that form the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is experimentally challenging, and, at the same time, the accuracy of molecular dynamics simulations is hindered by a lack of dedicated force fields. Here, the authors develop all-atom Bacteria Lipid Force Fields (BLipidFF) for a series of representative membrane lipids, and show that they are able to capture membrane properties that are poorly described by general force fields, including the rigidity and diffusion rate of α-mycolic acid bilayers.

Climate mitigation through natural climate solutions in crop-lands may be a way to reconcile climate goals with food security. However, here the authors show that some natural climate solution practices tend to lower yields and that maintaining yields lowers the potential GHG mitigation.

Advanced nuclear reactors may lead to a significant reduction in the cost of nuclear energy. Duan et al. incorporate a wide range of potential advanced nuclear costs in their assessment of future decarbonization options and find areas where nuclear can support wind and solar.

Chen et al. report a large-area white LED with sunlight-like emission by regulating the heterophase γ/σ-CsPb(I/Cl)₃ at nanoscale, in which a fraction of carriers recombines in γ-CsPbI₃ for deep-red emission, while other carriers diffuse to the heterophase interface for broadband emission.

A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.

A multi-ancestry genome-wide gene–smoking interaction study identifies 13 new loci associated with serum lipids.

Genome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses in ancestrally diverse populations implicate candidate causal genes and mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes. Trans-ancestry genetic risk scores enhance transferability across populations.

Interfacial magnetoelectric coupling could lead to a new generation of memory devices. Here, Bertacco and colleagues observe a large electric-field switchable magnetoelectric coupling effect in iron/barium titanate heterostructures, which is due to a thin oxidized iron layer.

Assembly is an interesting strategy to build chiral hierarchies with premade properties and functionalities. Here, the authors present assembled chiral hydrogen-bonded organic-inorganic frameworks with dynamical chiroptical activities and employ them as powerful and recoverable platforms for enantioselective recognition of chiral aliphatic substrates.

Here, authors develop an in-memory differentiator using a 40×40 array of ferroelectric capacitors. This device efficiently performs real-time differential computation and motion extraction, demonstrating low energy consumption and high operational frequency, with potential applications in edge computing.

The authors present a multiomics study of type 2 diabetes and quantitative blood lipid and lipoprotein traits in Hispanic/Latino populations. They demonstrate how integrating GWAS with omics characterization can advance precision medicine.

Worldwide, the number of only-child families is increasing. This research examines how growing up without siblings affects adult brain structure, function and connectivity, cognition, personality and mental health.

A genome-wide association study including over 76,000 individuals with schizophrenia and over 243,000 control individuals identifies common variant associations at 287 genomic loci, and further fine-mapping analyses highlight the importance of genes involved in synaptic processes.

Using data from a single time point, passenger-approximated clonal expansion rate (PACER) estimates the fitness of common driver mutations that lead to clonal haematopoiesis and identifies TCL1A activation as a mediator of clonal expansion.

Here, the authors examine the human anterior cruciate femoral and tibial entheses and identify two thin-graduated mineralization regions with distinct biomolecular compositions and mineral assembly patterns to adapt to their respective mechanical functions.

Multiancestry genome-wide association analyses identify new risk loci for stroke and stroke subtypes. Fine mapping and bioinformatics analyses of these risk loci point to mechanisms not previously implicated in stroke pathophysiology.