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LTBP4 is associated with heart failure (HF), but its specific role remains unclear. Here, the authors show that LTBP4 is upregulated in HF and drives NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cardiomyocytes via promoting NLRP3-NEK7 interaction, thus serving as a potential therapeutic target for HF.

Multilayer graphene can host complex Landau level spectra with tunable degeneracies. Here, the authors report a cascade of even-denominator fractional quantum Hall states at filling factors ν = −5/2, −7/2, −9/2, −11/2 and −13/2 in mixed-stacked pentalayer graphene.

The authors reveal a two-stage formation of density-wave order in nickelate La4Ni3O10 at ambient pressure. First, a short-range charge order develops in the inner Ni-O layer, accompanied by a dramatic enhancement of spin fluctuations, followed by fully-developed charge and spin orders at lower temperature.

The physiologic roles of the neurotransmission from PVHCRH neurons remain untested. Here, authors show differential roles of glutamate and CRH release from PVHCRH neurons in diet-induced obesity but a permissive role for their release in the HPA axis.

Using time-resolved cryo-EM, this study captures fibrillar collagen assembly as it matures from a metastable to a stable state, shedding light on tissue maintenance and disease-linked defects.

Solid-state organic optical limiters for laser protection suffer from aggregation quenching. Here, the authors use coordination-bond anchoring strategy to overcome this and achieve an enhancement of nonlinear absorption coefficient.

Global analysis of obesity trends from 1980 to 2024 in 200 countries and territories using data from 4,050 population-based studies reveals that framing obesity as a single global epidemic masks the highly varied dynamics across countries and age groups.

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii inhibits PD-L1 trafficking to boost anti-tumour immunity and potentiate anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy during colorectal cancer.

Exposome analyses across 34 countries showed that social exposures were associated with faster functional brain aging and physical exposures with faster structural brain aging.

The DAMPE satellite observed a universal charge-dependent spectral softening in primary cosmic rays, and ruled out mass-dependent softening with >99.999% confidence.

Earthquake-triggered landslides initially release carbon, but rapid revegetation and organic carbon burial later outweigh these losses, shifting affected mountain landscapes from a carbon source to sink over decades to centuries, based on field data and remote sensing.

The study identifies novel genetic variants linked to core cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s Disease biomarkers using a genome-wide analysis, showing how endophenotypes can identify genes and disease mechanisms not captured by case-control studies.

Diet and nutrition have emerged as promising approaches for the prevention and management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This Review outlines a stepwise framework for precision nutrition for IBD, highlighting how dietary recommendations can be tailored to the individual based on a range of characteristics (including demographics and multiomics data) and key considerations for clinical translation.

A pangenome of the Rosa subgenus constructed from genomes of 26 Rosa accessions, including 23 newly assembled, highlights widespread structural variations and key genes associated with ornamental traits for rose breeding.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Androgen activity in the male embryonic hindbrain prolongs hindbrain differentiation in male individuals and drives sex differences in the incidence and prognosis of posterior fossa type A (PFA) ependymoma, an aggressive childhood brain tumour.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

The key regulators driving intrinsic immune responses and neuropathic pain remain elusive. Here, the authors elucidate that ZFP612-mediated epigenetic disinhibition of Il1rl1 within the 3D genome in dorsal root ganglion neurons causes neuropathic pain.

Using multislice electron ptychography to directly measure the atomic-scale structural evolution of the nickelate La₃Ni₂O₇ under a range of biaxial strains, a theoretical framework is constructed for characterizing the impact of specific structural motifs for stabilizing superconductivity.

The growth of the smallest aerosol particles is critical to their impacts on climate and air quality. Here, the concentration gradient of nanoparticles is shown to be an important microphysical mechanism for their rapid initial growth.

A clinical trial testing whether monitoring ctDNA clearance during treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer could be used to inform decisions about an individual’s subsequent therapeutic programme shows promising results.

This study reveals three distinct brain patterns in insufficient sleep adolescents, each linked to unique factors of genetics, environmental disturbances, or psychiatric risk.

Insects colonized with Metarhizium fungi emit longifolene to lure new hosts for infection to disperse spores. A fungal strain was engineered to emit longifolene to attract and eliminate mosquitoes.

TP63 is a master regulator transcription factor in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Here the authors report that TP63 suppresses IFNγ signaling in SCC tumors and that its inhibition is associated with enhanced anti-tumor immunity and response to anti-PD1.

Precisely controlling structural colours in polymeric materials remains a major challenge. Here, the authors develop a colour design model, enabling inverse design of structural colours in bottlebrush block copolymers.

Neural Perturbational Inference is an approach for estimating effective connectivity, in which virtual perturbations to a surrogate brain allow gaining insights into human brain functions.

The function of intermediate epithelial states in pulmonary fibrosis unknown. This study used RNA sensing technology to show selectively removal of alveolar epithelial stem cells trapping in an intermediate state reduced lung fibrosis.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Cobalt-based catalysts are regarded as a potentially cheaper alternative to platinum and chromium systems for the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of propane, although they often feature lower performance. Now mixed-valence Co^0/IIO_x clusters supported on silicalite-1 are identified as a competitive system for this reaction.

Cellular niches are highly heterogenous in triple negative breast cancer. Here, the authors utilise imaging mass cytometry and spatial transcriptomics to characterise the microenvironment in Black American and White American patients.

Direct human actions such as hunting and bird deterrence at aquaculture sites kill up to 10% of the populations of some shorebird species migrating along China’s coast each year, suggesting that this direct mortality is an overlooked threat to migratory populations.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

An avian influenza H7N9 virus causes severe human disease, including acute and often lethal respiratory failure. Here, the authors report that plasma levels of angiotensin II, a regulatory peptide of the renin–angiotensin system, are associated with disease severity and fatal outcome in infected patients.

This study reports that the gene SMPED1, located in a previously identified dichogamy-determining region in Alpinia species, controls the timing of sex-organ synchrony, improving our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of plant sexual diversity.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

Jiang et al. identify Pax as a key regulator of Drosophila midgut homeostasis. Pax coordinates the Hippo and Notch pathways to control the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), ensuring homeostasis of midgut.

IBI318 is a recombinant bispecific IgG1 antibody that targets PD-1 and PD-L1. Here the authors report the results of a phase II trial of IBI318 combined with the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with acquired resistance to first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors.

The first outbreaks of mpox outside Africa in 2022 were caused by clade II but cases of a new clade Ib have been increasing in the Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring countries since 2024. Here, the authors describe a case report and public health investigation of the first detected case of mpox clade Ib in China.