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The Leo ring is a massive, 200-kpc-wide structure orbiting the galaxies M105 and NGC3384 with a 4-Gyr period. This paper reports ultraviolet light originating from gaseous substructures, which is attributed to recent massive star formation. If structures like the Leo ring were common in the early Universe, they may have produced a large, yet undetected population of faint, metal-poor, halo-lacking dwarf galaxies.

Recent work has revealed that dendritic cells (DCs) are more heterogeneous than previously thought, yet the functional roles of these newly described DC subsets remain unclear. Here, Li et al. find that in mice, TSLP from keratinocytes activates transitional DC-derived DC2 to promote GATA3⁺ regulatory T cells and mediate immunosuppression during inflammation and cancer.

STING–type-I interferon pathway regulates the immunogenicity of several cancer types, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Here the authors describe that glutamine metabolism in the tumour microenvironment dampens the STING–type-I interferon pathway by epigenetically silencing the expression of BATF2, which functions as a tumour suppressor.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

JWST’s COSMOS-Web survey is used to create an ultra-high-detail dark matter map, revealing hidden filaments, clusters and distant structures. By tracing features out to z = 2, this map shows how dark and luminous matter build the cosmic web across cosmic time.

The ‘plane of satellite galaxies’ surrounding our Milky Way seemed to defy dark matter theory for 40 years. Observations now suggest that the alignment is transient, while new simulations form similar structures far more often than previously thought.

Arsenic tolerance in plants is critical for their adaptation to some soils and has therefore played an important role in plant distribution. Here, the authors identify a quantitative trait locus encoding an arsenate reductase enzyme that confers arsenic tolerance in plants.

Lecanemab, a leading therapy for Alzheimer’s disease, induces an Fc-mediated transcriptional program in human microglia, linked to osteopontin and enhanced plaque phagocytosis, suggesting alternative strategies to promote plaque clearance.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

When stars like our Sun die, they expel their outer layers in a dramatic stellar wind. This study of an unusual chemical signature in one particular stellar wind reveals that the signature is due to the presence of a binary system whose components had a close approach around 200 years ago.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

Aneuploidy impacts differentiation and threatens the safety of stem cell therapies. Here, the authors show that mosaic aneuploidies are eliminated during RPE differentiation, except 1q gain, which is rescued by co-culture through paracrine signals.

Phylogenetics and population genetics analysis of ancient tiger genomes inform tiger evolution and suggest post-glaciation admixture of divergent tiger lineages in China.

High-dimensional immune profiling of a living recipient of a pig-to-human xenotransplant provides insight into the immune landscape of xenotransplantation and directions for improved immunosuppression strategies.

Platelets are known to have functions beyond those in thrombosis and haemostasis. Here the authors use multi-colour flow cytometry and proteomics to analyse platelet phenotypes in psoriatic disease and proteins that are potentially involved in the interaction of platelets with immune cells.

Antibody drug conjugate (ADC) target expression beyond the traditional targets is poorly studied in metastatic cancer. Here, the authors analyse the expression of known and potential new ADC targets in normal and multi-organ metastatic samples of a post-mortem tissue donation program from patients with metastatic breast cancer.

This work challenges the view of nucleation governing halide perovskite grain morphology, showing that most additives act post-nucleation by boosting ion mobility across grain boundaries, triggering grain coarsening, similar to post-processing effects.

The NeoRHEA trial showed that treatment with palbociclib and endocrine therapy decreases T cell proliferation and the presence of tissue-resident memory T cells. These results are important for the development of CDK4 selective inhibitors.

Siew et al. using multi-omic, physiological & imaging approaches have demonstrated that spaceflight causes kidney remodelling, suggesting a contribution to kidney stone formation, & that space radiation causes kidney damage & early signs of dysfunction.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Liquid biopsy methods have mainly been focused on the use of peripheral blood, and comparison between body fluids has been limited. Here, the authors utilize samples from a rapid tissue donation program to compare body fluid sites in their representativeness of the metastatic disease in patients with breast cancer.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

This study shows that C9orf72 mutations impair immune activation in ALS, affecting how brain cells communicate, and highlights key differences in the cellular and molecular pathways underlying sporadic and genetic forms of the disease.

The role of mosquito saliva proteins in viral infection remains incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that sialokinin facilitates viral dissemination while suppressing immune response and inflammation in chikungunya virus-infected mice.

The large coding potential of vaccinia virus (VV) vectors is a defining feature. Here the authors present vaccinia virus vector-adapted chemogenetic switches enabling temporal and dose control of viral replication and transgene expression, implementation of complex tunable transgene circuitry, and generation of safer, more efficacious vectors.

The first generation of global-scale quantum networks are expected to make extensive use of satellite-mediated channels. As a first step towards this goal, this manuscript proposes a full-scale architecture to implement the exchange of quantum information, taking us from use cases through to a detailed plan for the road ahead.

A radio signal detected in the direction of Proxima Centauri in a Breakthrough Listen programme is analysed for signs that it was transmitted by extraterrestrial intelligent life, using a newly developed framework. However, the signal ‘blc1’ is likely to be terrestrial radio-frequency interference.

An environmentally safe means of mosquito control is the application of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, which produces a cocktail of four naturally crystalline proteins exclusively toxic to mosquito. Here the authors report the atomic-resolution structures of Bti Cry11Aa and related Btj Cry11Ba solved de novo through Serial Femtosecond Crystallography on naturally-occurring nanocrystals.

Analysis of data from multiple instruments reveals a giant exoplanet in orbit around the 0.2-solar-mass star TOI-6894. The existence of this exoplanetary system challenges assumptions about planet formation and it is an excellent target for atmospheric characterization.

An integrated analysis of de novo and inherited coding variants in 42,607 individuals with autism spectrum disorder identifies 60 risk genes of which five have not previously been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Traditional methods for tuning the dimensions of organic electronic device structures often rely on cumbersome processes with limited resolution. Here, the authors report ultraviolet irradiation in ambient conditions for tuning structural parameters for organic small molecule hole transport layers.

Here the authors perform a trans expression quantitative trait locus meta-analysis study of over 3,700 people and link a USP18 variant to expression of 50 inflammation genes and lupus risk, highlighting how genetic regulation of immune responses drives autoimmune disease and informs new therapies.

In this Review, Kaiser and Nicolai summarize our understanding of procoagulant platelets, describing the signalling pathways that control platelet procoagulant activation and discussing the role of procoagulant platelets in venous and arterial thrombosis, as well as potential therapeutic approaches to target these platelets in thrombotic and thromboinflammatory disorders, including cardiovascular disease, septic inflammation and immune complex-mediated diseases.

The absence of scaffold protein Ambra1 leads to hyperproliferation and growth in mouse models. Here the authors show that Ambra1 deficiency accelerates melanoma growth and increases metastasis in mouse models of melanoma through FAK1 hyperactivation.

We report the outcome of an international optical observation campaign of a prototype constellation satellite, AST SpaceMobile’s BlueWalker 3, which features a 64.3 m² phased-array antenna and a launch vehicle adaptor.

PepMLM designs peptide binders against diverse targets using masked language modeling.