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The authors report a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering study of superconducting Sm-based infinite-layer nickelate thin films. Despite the two-fold enhancement of T_c in the Sm-based nickelates compared to their Pr-based counterparts, they find that the effective in-plane exchange coupling strength is reduced by approximately 20%.

Protein-based bioplastics suffer from poor mechanical properties, limiting their use. Here, the authors report a coacervation based processing method for maize-derived zein protein which encourages β-sheet formation through shear-induced alignment, leading to high tensile strength films and fibres.

Here, the authors show that the chloride channel CFTR keeps osteocytes alive and limits bone loss, revealing a new mechanism for maintaining long-lived bone cells and suggesting a potential strategy to protect bone health.

Host factor that restrain viral propagation offer new anti-RNA virus strategies. Here the authors provide evidence that endonuclease G (ENDOG) is a host anti-viral factor and engineer ENDOG expression on the mitochondrial outer membrane to eliminate viral RNA.

Post-translational modifications regulate protein function but are difficult to decode systematically. Here, the authors present COMPASS-PTM, a coarse-to-fine framework that predicts multi-label PTM sites, assigns regulatory enzymes, and links variants to PTM and network rewiring.

Volcanism identified by Pb–Pb dating of basalt fragments returned by the Chang’e-6 mission from the farside of the Moon gives a young eruption age of 2,807 ± 3 Ma, consistent with the crater-counting age.

Acoustic sensing devices are important to realize human‒machine interfaces. Here, the authors report the fabrication of freestanding reduced graphene oxide membranes with a diameter-to-thickness ratio of ~10⁶, leading to a static pressure responsivity of ~ 500 μm/Pa and high-performance microphone applications.

Comprehensive, multinational validation of the PREVENT and SCORE2 cardiovascular risk scores, used in the United States and Europe, respectively, in 44 observational studies and 18 randomized trials, shows similar performance for the two risk scores and generally good performance across geographical regions.

Isotopic analysis of basalt clasts returned from the Moon by the Chang’e-5 mission indicates that the rocks were derived from a mantle source that lacked potassium, rare-earth elements and phosphorus.

Global analysis of obesity trends from 1980 to 2024 in 200 countries and territories using data from 4,050 population-based studies reveals that framing obesity as a single global epidemic masks the highly varied dynamics across countries and age groups.

Here, they develop optimized mouse testicular organoids that recapitulate key testicular functions and generate functional haploid germ cells, enabling the generation of normal fertile F2 offspring. These organoids can be used to model male infertility and screen for drugs that may prevent germ cell loss after chemotherapy.

Analyses of Chang’e-6 samples from the lunar farside reveal high water contents and low δD values, with comparisons to other lunar samples suggesting that solar-wind-implanted surface water varies with latitude and regolith maturity.

The NeuSMRT platform enables neutrophil-specific CAR expression in vitro and in vivo. These CAR-neutrophils in turn offer robust antitumour effects in humanized and syngeneic mouse models of glioblastoma.

Lunar soils returned by China’s Chang’E−5 (CE5) mission record the unique information of solar wind essential to understanding the preservation and distribution of lunar surficial water. Here the authors report abundant water formed by solar wind implantation in minerals of CE5 lunar soils; the water content in CE5 lunar soils is estimated to be ~ 170 ppm.

Basalt samples returned from the Moon by the Chang’e-5 mission are revealed to be two billion years old by radioisotopic dating, providing insight on the volcanic history of the Moon.

Hong Kong experienced a large wave of COVID-19 in early 2022 driven by Omicron BA.2. Here, the authors describe the epidemiological dynamics of this wave and show discordant inferences based on genomic and epidemiological data that underscore the need to improve near real-time epidemic growth estimates.

Maternal obesity is known to cause systemic lipid dysregulation, yet its effect on lipid reprogramming during the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) remains unknown. Here, they show that obesity disrupts very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) storage in oocytes, impairing peroxisomal protein import in 2-cell embryos.

In this study, the authors find that SHANK3’s large intrinsically disordered region mediates phase separation to support postsynaptic density remodeling during long-term potentiation, providing an insight into how autism spectrum disorder-linked SHANK3 mutations disrupt synaptic plasticity.

Hong Kong has used an elimination strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 with stringent measures including traveller quarantine. Here, the authors show that the majority of community-acquired cases until January 2021 resulted from three importations, and that increased transmission followed prolonged periods of restrictions, likely due to adherence fatigue.

Optimization of unconventional superconductivity requires precise determination of correlation strengths across material families. Here, the authors use X-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to reveal that PrNiO₂ exhibits a 20% stronger correlation strength U/t than in the isostructural cuprate SrCuO₂, suggesting potential for enhanced superconductivity in nickelates through correlation strength moderation.

The Chang’e-4 rover observed a small crater formed less than one million years ago, finding glassy materials with spectral characteristics similar to those of carbonaceous chondrites that are identified as remnants of the original impactor that have not yet been affected by weathering processes.

This study reveals that BCAA-derived BCKAs impair glucose-induced insulin secretion via activation of LDHA, a disallowed enzyme in pancreatic β-cells. Blocking this signalling axis restores insulin secretion, offering a new target against diabetes.

Coupled sulfur and silicon isotopes in ancient granitoids reveal that early continental crust was generated by melting altered oceanic crust, recycled in the planet’s interior, rather than crystallising directly from pristine deep-mantle magma

Developing efficient battery electrolytes is a slow and complex challenge. Here, authors create a deep active learning framework that rapidly identifies high-performance materials and transfers knowledge to new designs, tripling battery lifespan while requiring significantly fewer experiments.

Bayesian fMRI mega-analysis reveals structured insular topography, with domain-selective zones with distinct neurobiological properties for pain, appetitive, aversive, and cognitive control processing progressively converging in dorsal anterior insula, providing a potential neural basis for unified subjective experiences.

The youngest lunar regolith from the Moon’s nearside and farside show similar particle shapes despite different origins, indicating that space weathering rapidly reaches saturation in shaping surficial lunar regolith within ~2.2 million years.

In a large multinational cohort study, maternal, gestational or pregestational diabetes was associated with only a small-to-moderate risk of ADHD in offspring, contrary to previous estimates that showed stronger effect sizes, attributing the differences in findings to confounding by shared genetic and familial factors.

The DAMPE satellite observed a universal charge-dependent spectral softening in primary cosmic rays, and ruled out mass-dependent softening with >99.999% confidence.

Hu et al. show that the transmembrane glycoprotein CD98hc in cerebral endothelial cells regulates the integrin–FAK signaling pathway, thereby promoting angiogenesis and maintaining blood–brain barrier integrity.

Siow et al. examine how gut microbiota relate to plasma acetic acid and whether acetic acid mediates associations with health outcomes in older adults. The results show that higher acetic acid levels link to lower triglycerides, higher HDL, lower BMI and body fat, larger thalamic volume, and better performance in select cognitive domains.

The Neuroimaging Foundation Model with Spatial–Temporal Optimized and Representation Modelling (NeuroSTORM) learns generalizable representations from 4D functional MRI volumes, enabling accurate performance on diverse tasks such as diagnosis and state classification.

Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

SIGMOD is a scalable framework for spatial transcriptomics that integrates microenvironmental niche information to discover gene modules. Across platforms and tissues, it identifies cell-type and cell-state programs, cross-cell-type interactions, and biologically relevant spatial patterns.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of lung adenocarcinoma but known susceptibility variants explain only a small fraction of the familial risk. Here, the authors perform a two-stage GWAS and report 12 novel genetic loci associated with lung adenocarcinoma in East Asians.

Hong-Xuan Lin, Ji-Ping Gao, Jun-Xiang Shan and colleagues show that natural variation in a proteasome α2 subunit gene contributes to thermotolerance in African rice. Their follow-up studies suggest that the variant allele protects cells from heat stress by enhancing the elimination of cytotoxic denatured proteins and maintaining heat-response processes.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

In response to the large contribution of non-CO₂ GHG to global warming, pricing of their emissions has been proposed as a cost-effective mitigation option. The authors find that such multi-GHG pricing can be more regressive than CO₂-only pricing, with a relative increase in burden for low-income households.

Kozlova et al. report a functional role for NDRG1 in regulating R-loops and DNA repair, thereby linking cancer-associated fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix to chemotherapy responses in pancreatic cancer.

The CMS experiment at CERN reports one of the highest-precision measurements of the W boson mass, finding it in line with standard model predictions and at odds with recent anomalous measurements.

Experimental and modelling results show that low-density reefs risk reproductive isolation, highlighting the importance of maintaining colony density and spatial connectivity.