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Higher-order interactions are shown to contribute to the decrease in species diversity from low to high latitudes in global forests, potentially explaining why this intricate phenomenon cannot be adequately explained by pairwise interactions alone.

The authors analysed a cohort of men who have sex with men for diagnosed and asymptomatic mpox and report that only 1 in 33 infections is captured by clinical testing. The results indicate that there may be extensive under-reporting and under-diagnosis of mpox.

This study describes that cardiolipin deficiency-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in T_reg cells impairs gut–immune tolerance.

Chromatin dynamics govern search times between DNA elements. Using integrated MINFLUX imaging, Mazzocca, Narducci, Grosse-Holz and colleagues track chromatin dynamics over seven orders of magnitude in time, revealing two dynamics classes and providing bounds on search times.

Polymer thin films that emit and absorb circularly polarised light are promising in achieving important technological advances, but the origin of the large chiroptical effects in such films has remained elusive. Here the authors demonstrate that in non-aligned polymer thin films, large chiroptical effects are caused by magneto-electric coupling, not structural chirality as previously assumed.

The potency of a class of RAF kinase inhibitors was found to depend on cancer cell signaling activity. This insight informed reengineering of a clinically approved MEK inhibitor to block this cancer-driving pathway more effectively in combination.

The authors performed computational and experimental analyses to reveal how Smoothened directly inhibits PKA through an intrinsically disordered region, defining a central step in Hedgehog signaling and a mechanism of G-protein-coupled receptor–kinase regulation.

Growth of wind and solar energy share demonstrates different dynamics between the initial phases of adoption as compared with the advanced stages. Cherp et al. study the growth dynamics of renewable energy and show that laggards may continue to struggle to achieve high growth rates despite learning from early adopters’ experience.

This study is a small RNA genomics survey from global Aedes aegypti mosquito samples, and detected replicating viruses. This study then isolated several mosquito viruses into cell cultures to show that viral small RNA are active in gene silencing.

Vertical transmission is thought to favour beneficial host–microbe interactions, but these may also be context dependent. Here Bruijning et al. show with a model that variable environments can select for bet-hedging by hosts via imperfect vertical transmission of microbes.

There is debate about whether charitable giving is driven more by empathy or by reasoning about effectiveness. Here, the authors show via meta-analysis that both correlate with giving, but only empathy reliably boosts giving when experimentally increased.

Exposome analyses across 34 countries showed that social exposures were associated with faster functional brain aging and physical exposures with faster structural brain aging.

In this study, authors investigate what happens to magma before a volcanic eruption. They find that crystals react to magma flow before it reaches the surface, preserving a mechanical fingerprint of the forces driving eruptions.

FeatureMAP improves single-cell data analysis by preserving gene-level information within the underlying manifold structure. This enables more accurate identification of transitional cell states, differentiation trajectories and key regulatory features across dynamic processes.

Genome-wide analysis shows European dogs existed by 14,200 years ago, were already genetically distinct, received less Neolithic Southwest Asian admixture than humans did and contributed substantially to later European dogs.

Genetic analyses in more than 15,000 individuals from across the Americas, including individuals with autism and family members, define the genetic landscape of autism in Latin American populations and identify significant overlap with other ancestries.

Results of the phase 2 POLAR trial show that biomarker-guided treatment in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer based on homologous repair deficiency leads to encouraging clinical response rates in immune cell-infiltrated tumors.

In this phase 1, open-label dose-escalation study in healthy adults found that the mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1215), encoding the Nipah virus Malaysian strain chimeric pre-fusion F protein linked to glycoprotein G, was safe and induced elevated immune responses at 1 year of follow-up, indicating that this is a promising vaccine candidate for further development.

An in vitro toolkit for studying VSG diversification defines key molecular requirements underlying the formation of mosaic VSGs, providing an experimental framework for the exploration of antigen diversification in Trypanosoma brucei and in other pathogenic microorganisms.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

In this study, Constable et al. examine the association between exposure to sexual and physical violence and enduring transdiagnostic psychopathological traits in a diverse sample of 842 adults.

DDK kinase not only acts on the core replication machinery but also regulates the INO80 chromatin remodeler, shaping chromatin at replication origins and supporting replication and genome stability.

The relation between magnetooptical activity and chirality has previously been confused. Chiral polymer films are presented with state-of-the-art Verdet constants, revealing the role of chirality, and a strategy to enhance the magnetooptical B term.

A pangenome reference for the phenotypically diverse crop sorghum aims to help accelerate future efforts to breed crops that are better adapted to changing environments.

In this study, the authors uncover how diverse inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala flexibly contribute to fear and safety learning, revealing a key role for inhibition in emotional memory and adaptive circuit plasticity.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

Hodgson, Huang, Lang et al. show that TDP-43 limits ribonucleoprotein particle condensation into paraspeckles in a concentration- and polymerization-dependent manner. They also link paraspeckle condensation to stress response and neuroprotection.

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing has the potential to support diagnosis of unknown infections as it can identify all potential pathogens without requiring a prior suspected cause. Here, the authors develop and clinically validate a metagenomics-based assay for common and novel respiratory viral pathogens.

An online experiment compared 12 brief online interventions for depression. Most improved mental health immediately, but these gains decreased over time, with only two interventions significantly reducing depression 4 weeks later.

Motor enzymes that translocate DNA are an essential element of nanopore sequencing. Here, authors use mutual information to quantify the sequence-dependence of helicase kinetics and show that such kinetics can be used to improve the sequencing accuracy of all standard DNA bases.

Here, the authors show that multiplex autism spectrum disorder (ASD) families share more gut bacterial strains than healthy families, with distinct strain-sharing patterns highlighting how family environments shape microbial configurations in ASD.

Li and colleagues present CellScope, a tree-structured framework that reveals multi-level cellular hierarchies and gene functions in single-cell data. This approach provides clear clustering, intuitive visualization, and deep biological views into cell types and functions.

T-cell–mediated rejection (TCMR) remains a major cause of kidney transplant failure with incompletely understood mechanisms. Here the authors use single-nucleus RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and immunofluorescence to show that injured kidney epithelial cell states associate with poor transplant outcomes after T-cell–mediated rejection.

DNA methylation and gene expression data integration identify aging-related genes in blood that predict health outcomes, offering new insights into aging biology and potential therapeutic targets.

The type I interferon response is suppressed during early development, making embryos susceptible to pathogens. Here, the authors show that this suppression contributes to normal development by preventing an aberrant immune response against endogenous double stranded RNAs.

Population-level distributions of SARS-CoV-2 viral load can correlate with epidemic trends. Here, the authors use viral loads to nowcast epidemic growth rates over two-week periods and investigate how the relationship varies by peak viral load, viral dynamics, and sampling approaches.

Advanced HIV-1 infection is associated with gut dysbiosis, and it’s not known whether this is reversed with antiviral therapy. The ADVANZ-4 MISTRAL trial shows that dolutegravir restores gut microbiota in late-stage HIV1 patients better than darunavir, and that recovery is linked to improved immune reconstitution.

Royer and colleagues find a principal dimension of neural dynamic similarity dissociating unimodal and association cortices. Systematic variations in local and macroscale constraints across the cortex also followed this pattern.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) onsets in COVID-19 patients with manifestations similar to Kawasaki disease (KD). Here the author probe the peripheral blood transcriptome of MIS-C patients to find signatures related to natural killer (NK) cell activation and CD8+ T cell exhaustion that are shared with KD patients.

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease identify potential target genes for IBD GWAS loci not readily detected in individuals without disease highlighting the importance disease-focused studies.

Reconstructing microbial genomes from 820 reef-building corals collected at 99 reefs across 32 islands throughout the Pacific Ocean highlights the importance of conserving coral reefs as vital reservoirs of molecular diversity.

Soybean harvest origin in South America can be traced to within 193 km from harvest location, according to a study using chemical fingerprint analysis and Gaussian Process modelling to improve traceability and support deforestation-free supply chains

The placenta is a crucial organ required for human pregnancy which has a unique epigenetic and gene expression landscape. Here, the authors have applied nanopore whole genome sequencing technology to provide a comprehensive map of the placental methylome focused on allele-specific effects.

Genome-wide association analyses of blood plasma samples using a mass spectrometry-based platform illustrate the complementarity of different proteomics approaches for identifying protein quantitative trait loci.

A recently developed class of magneto-sensitive fluorescent proteins are engineered to alter the properties of their response to magnetic fields and radio frequencies, enabling multimodal sensing of biological systems.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Using infant fMRI, the authors show that, by 2 months of age, representations in high-level visual cortex encode visual categories that align with deep neural networks, and lateral object-selective regions are later to develop.