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The Chang’e-6 landing site contains ~30 ppm more water on its surface than its subsurface, with observed temporal variations. It holds twice the water content of the Chang’e-5 landing site. These findings demonstrate that solar wind and impacts are key to the formation of lunar water.

Chang’E-5 lunar soils show unusually fast growth of solar wind–damaged rims compared with Chang’E-6 and Apollo samples, potentially pointing to local conditions that enhance solar wind effects on the Moon.

The authors discover oldhamite (CaS) in Chang’E-6 lunar soils. Through thermodynamic calculations, the authors suggest a potentially large-scale, high-energy impact event with an S-rich asteroid or involving lunar S-rich mantle-core excavation to be responsible for the formation of oldhamite.

Chang’e-6 mission’s analysis of farside lunar soils reveals stronger magnetic properties than nearside samples and identifies distinct magmatic and impact-formed minerals. This offers insights into the Moon’s magnetic history and crustal anomalies.

Out of more than 3,000 clasts contained in the Chang’e-5 lunar sample, 7 do not come from the region of the Chang’e-5 landing sites. These exotic clasts highlight the lithological diversity of the lunar crust, and their scarcity hints at the need for alternative models for impact ejecta onto young lunar terrains.

Natural variation in the promoter of OsTPS8 contributes to differences in grain chalkiness and seed vigor between indica and japonica rice subspecies by altering trehalose-6-phosphate biosynthesis and α-amylase levels.

A high-resolution terrain dataset was developed for the CE-6 landing site, revealing that its exposure age lies between CE-4 and CE-5 sites, with diverse material sources and covered by ejecta from a nearby 51-meter crater.

The Chinese Chang’e-6 mission plans to bring a sample from the lunar farside in 2024. Here the characterization and scientific potential of the three candidate landing sites are presented. They are located around the roughly 4-Gyr-old Apollo crater, located within the South Pole–Aitken basin.

Smc5/6 association with DNA junctions can support genomic functions. Here, the authors show that Smc5/6 junction polarity preferences, targeting, and dwell times are determined by its structural modules as well as the RPA and PCNA genomic factors.

Volcanism identified by Pb–Pb dating of basalt fragments returned by the Chang’e-6 mission from the farside of the Moon gives a young eruption age of 2,807 ± 3 Ma, consistent with the crater-counting age.

Nanometre to micrometre-sized magnetite crystals in soil samples from the Chang’e-5 mission are associated with pentlandite grains which suggests sequential crystallization within impact induced melts, according to high-resolution microscopy observations

In this study, the authors map the lunar surface chemistry. They achieve this through a combination of deep learning and actual samples from the Chinese Chang’e-5 mission.

Laboratory spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction analyses on the Chang’E-5 lunar soil samples have demonstrated that the spectral features of lunar late-stage mare basalts are representative of iron-rich high-Ca pyroxene rather than olivine.

Laboratory analysis of returned Chang’E-5 samples from the lunar surface show their hydroxyl contents to be on the weak end of lunar hydration features.

The authors design a Pt/CuInP₂S₆/graphene heterostructure that achieves polarity-switchable photovoltaic current modulated by ferroelectric polarization. This enables programmable in-sensor computing, achieving high-performance visual tasks.

The chemical compositions of young lava flows on the Moon have implications for late volcanism. Here, the authors present mineral distribution data from the Chang′e-3 Yutu rover in the northern Imbrium mare region, reporting unique compositional characteristics of a previously unsampled basalt type.

Lunar soils returned by China’s Chang’E−5 (CE5) mission record the unique information of solar wind essential to understanding the preservation and distribution of lunar surficial water. Here the authors report abundant water formed by solar wind implantation in minerals of CE5 lunar soils; the water content in CE5 lunar soils is estimated to be ~ 170 ppm.

The lunar samples brought back by the Chinese Chang’e-5 mission have an age of 2.030 ± 0.004 billion years, providing valuable new constraints on the cratering chronology used to date most Solar System surfaces. Here an updated chronology model is presented and compared with other models currently in use.

Defect formation and phase instability remain critical challenges for perovskite/organic tandem solar cells. Jiang et al. address this by designing an additive to modulate the crystallization thermodynamics of wide-bandgap perovskite, achieving a record efficiency of 22.1% in a flexible cell.

Protein kinases contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and immune evasion. This study identifies SPAK as a key driver of oncogenesis and immune exhaustion, showing that SPAK inhibition synergizes with anti-PD-1 therapy to enhance antitumor efficacy.

The coronavirus proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) is a major cause of viral resistance to nucleotide analog (NA) antivirals. Here, the authors reveal how different NAs are recognized by ExoN, shedding light on improved anticoronavirus drug design.

Cell-cell adhesion plays critical roles in maintaining and regulating cellular functions. Here, authors present a diffusive N-cadherin functionalized hydrogel that provides cell-cell adhesion cues to modulate intercellular communication to promote neural regeneration for treatment of traumatic brain injury.

Metal-cation-free CO₂ electroreduction in strong acid minimizes reactant loss and salt precipitation yet struggles with CO₂ activation and hydrogen evolution competition. Here, the authors report bioinspired sharp gold triangles with a proton-blocking layer that polarize CO₂ and suppress hydrogen evolution.

The Chang’E-4 mission in January 2019 had the major challenge to land on the lunar far side without traditional radiometric techniques due to the missing line-of-sight. The authors here describe landing trajectory reconstruction and positioning techniques based upon the Moon’s digital terrain model that allowed reproducing the entire process of a successful landing.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

A multi-observational study including laboratory analysis of the Chang’e-5 mission samples, in situ measurements and orbital datasets determined the high level of maturity and iron content of the Chang’e-5 landing site regolith. Heavily processed by space weathering, it mostly comes from the nearby Xu Guangqi crater, formed 240–300 Myr ago.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

A close look at microcraters on a lunar grain from a Chang’e-5 returned sample shows evidence of the formation of nanophase metallic iron (np-Fe⁰) via disproportionation of Fe²⁺ triggered by secondary impacts, with no space weathering contribution from the solar wind.

Magnetite is rarely present on the Moon. Here the authors report the magnetite formed by eutectic reaction during the impact process in Chang’E-5 lunar soil, and the potential contribution of this magnetite formation to magnetic anomalies on the Moon.

Basalt samples returned from the Moon by the Chang’e-5 mission are revealed to be two billion years old by radioisotopic dating, providing insight on the volcanic history of the Moon.

Using Chang’E data, the authors here identify more than 109,000 previously unrecognized lunar craters and date almost 19,000 craters based on transfer learning with deep neural networks. A new lunar crater database is derived and distributed to the planetary community.

Multifunctional underwater sensors with integrated self-powered signal transmission, effective thermal-moisture regulation, and multi-signal decoupling are desirable of underwater tasks. Here, the authors report a three-dimensional thermoelectric device composed of porous polyurethane foam coated with a waterproof conductive layer for human-machine interaction in aquatic settings.

The lunar basalts sampled by the Chang’e-5 mission originated from melting of a clinopyroxene-rich mantle source enhanced in radioactive elements, potentially explaining this late lunar volcanism, according to sample analysis and crystallization modelling.

The authors study a topological insulator (TI) sandwiched between two magnetic TIs. By keeping one of the magnetic TIs insulating, while tuning the other one into a metallic regime, they find half quantized anomalous Hall conductance, a boundary signature consistent with a quantized axion field.

The tunable enantioselective functionalization of alkene feedstocks represents a highly desirable yet predominantly unresolved tactic for generating high-value scaffolds. Herein, the authors report a tunable enantioselective electrolytic system for dehydrogenative allylation, dehydrogenative alkenylation, and hydroalkylation reactions to afford structurally diverse products.

An analysis of subsoil structure using lunar regolith penetrating radar at the Chang’E-6 landing site indicates a distinct 2-layer structure, and when compared with Apollo mission data, suggests a link between regolith maturity and electromagnetic properties.

A percolating interaction between antipolar regions and engineered defect pairs facilitates antipolar rotations, enabling superior energy storage performance in AgNbO₃-based ceramics.

Bark decomposition could significantly affect global carbon and nutrient cycling. Here, the authors report the global trend of bark decomposition rates, identify the key drivers in different climate regions, and predict the response of bark decomposition to future climate change.

Initial spectral observations by China’s Chang’E-4 far-side lunar rover suggest the presence of materials that may originate from the Moon’s mantle.

Micrometeorite impacts are an important process in forming several Ti oxides, including rutile (TiO₂) and new Ti minerals (trigonal Ti₂O and triclinic Ti₂O). These Ti oxides can alter the photocatalytic properties and reflectance spectra of regolith on the Moon and other airless planetary bodies in the Solar System.

Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

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