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LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA’s fourth Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog shows evidence of a clear pair-instability gap in the distribution of binary black-hole secondary masses but is absent in the larger primary masses.

XRISM spectroscopy of the nucleus of the Circinus galaxy indicates elemental abundances suggestive of a dominant enrichment from core-collapse supernovae with progenitors below 20 solar masses; more massive stars may directly collapse into black holes.

Hepatitis C virus remains a health burden due to the lack of an effective vaccine, hindered by difficulties in replicating the native E1E2 antigen structure. Here, the authors engineer a stabilized E1E2 heterodimer using cryo-EM-guided modifications, enhancing immunogenicity and paving the way for future HCV vaccine development.

Here proteomic chromatome analysis shows metabolic enzymes widely localize to chromatin in cancer in a tissue-specific manner. Nuclear enzymes affect DNA damage/repair and transcription, revealing non-canonical nuclear metabolic roles in cancer.

Climate action could avoid over 1 million deaths globally from air pollution in 2040. However, it is suggested that cooperation is needed between developed and developing nations to ensure that disparities in air pollution are not perpetuated in the future.

Observational data reveal a delicate interplay between supermassive black holes, their host galaxies and their large-scale environments that is not reproduced by cosmological simulations.

Exposome analyses across 34 countries showed that social exposures were associated with faster functional brain aging and physical exposures with faster structural brain aging.

In a randomized trial enrolling Black adults residing in food deserts in Boston, Massachusetts, who were undergoing treatment for hypertension, home-delivery for 3 months of groceries designed to provide a low-sodium diet, together with dietician counseling, reduced blood pressure beyond a monetary stipend, an effect that was maintained for an additional 3 months after the intervention ended.

Black carbon is a short-lived climate pollutant with regionally variable sources, properties and climate effects. This Review synthesizes global observations and atmospheric model simulations, showing declining black carbon emissions owing to clean air policies and technological advances, and substantial model–observation discrepancies in absorption, deposition and radiative forcing estimates.

Neurons in medial entorhinal cortex collectively represent discrete nonlocal positions during immobility. During this nonlocal coding, CA1 is uncoupled from entorhinal cortex. These representations are of task-relevant locations.

Here authors show in a human stem cell–derived model, neural cultures from children with MPSIIIA exhibit hyperactive excitatory synapses associated with excitation–inhibition imbalance, altered network dynamics, and broad dysregulation of genes involved in synaptic homeostasis.

Global Burden of Disease analysis found that in 2023, suboptimal diet was estimated to be responsible for 4 million deaths and 97 million morbidity burdens from ischemic heart disease.

Active galactic nuclei are surrounded by a dusty and molecular disk that fuels supermassive black holes and connects them to their host galaxies. Here, the authors show with JWST interferometric observations that most of the dust in the Circinus galaxies lies in a compact disk, while only a tiny fraction traces hot outflowing material.

Femtosecond laser pulse-induced coherent helicity switching of magnetic vortices in permalloy disks on picosecond timescales is reported.

Jang et al. measured dopamine and acetylcholine release in the striatum of rats performing a decision-making task and found that the relative timing of cholinergic and dopamine release gates whether dopamine promotes reinforcement learning or movement vigor.

Parkinson’s disease is managed through co-treatment with levodopa and tolcapone, with tolcapone altering the microbiome to increase its capacity to metabolize levodopa, implicating the gut microbiome in drug–drug interaction.

Femtosecond pumping of an isotropic low-index subwavelength film enables ultrafast polarization control, with induced birefringence up to 0.1π μm⁻¹, a dichroic ratio of ~23% and a non-reciprocal optical activity of ±1.1° μm⁻¹.

Chica et al. combined genetic network mapping, time-resolved imaging and deep learning to generate a dataset called AutoDRY that describes multilayered control of autophagy and uncovers new regulatory pathways.

A high-resolution spectroscopic analysis reveals ultralow amounts of heavy elements in the star SDSS J0715−7334. The star originates from the Large Magellanic Cloud and probably formed directly after the first stars through dust cooling.

The highest-quality JWST spectra reveal that little red dots are young supermassive black holes shrouded in dense cocoons of ionized gas, where electron scattering, not Doppler motions, broadens their spectral lines.

This study shows that El Niño–Southern Oscillation phase transition enhances the predictability of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation one year ahead through atmospheric angular momentum dynamics, improving long-range climate forecasts.

Two-dimensional (2D) metal halide perovskites exhibit efficient photoinduced emission at room temperature, but control over charge carrier transport remains limited. Here formamidinium-based layered 2D perovskites are developed with high predicted symmetry. The absence of octahedral distortion results in an exciton diffusion length of 2.5 µm.

Dissociative ionization of H₂ molecules by the combination of a phase-locked attosecond laser pair and a few-cycle NIR laser shows that ion–photoelectron entanglement influences electronic coherence in H₂⁺, allowing control over the degree of entanglement by varying the delay between the pulses.

This study demonstrates that overexpression of irisin, an exercise-induced myokine, ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-fed mice by increasing local IL-33 production and preserving ST2⁺ regulatory T cells in white adipose tissues.

Organelle biogenesis in the rapidly growing malaria parasite requires extensive membrane genesis and remodeling. Here a mechanism to directly supply lipids from the ER to the inner membrane complex (IMC), a de novo formed organelle needed for progeny formation, is shown.

A technique called condense-seq has been developed to measure nucleosome condensability and used to show that mononucleosomes contain sufficient information to condense into large-scale compartments without requiring any external factors.

Short-lived halogens have a substantial indirect cooling effect on climate and this cooling effect has increased since pre-industrial times owing to anthropogenic amplification of natural halogen emissions.

New evidence suggests that diffusive oxygen transport through the tracheolar–muscle system is not the limiting factor on insect body size.

Madduri et al. introduce a computational framework grounded in control and game theory to model co-adaptation between users and decoders in neural interfaces. This framework enables a principled design of closed-loop systems that improve usability and personalization.

Natural scenes sparsely activate V1 neurons. Here, the authors show that a small number of active cells reliably represent visual contents of a natural image across trials regardless of response variability, due to the diverse and partially overlapping representations of individual cells.

SWI/SNF complexes are mutated in 20% of cancers, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, the authors identify a compensatory mechanism of chromatin regulation that becomes essential in cancers carrying mutations that broadly inactivate SWI/SNF.

Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central to the innate immune response but their overactivation can cause systemic inflammation and disease. Now, new small molecules targeting the interaction between Munc13-4 and syntaxin 7 essential for endosomal maturation impair overactivation of endosomal TLR-dependent pathways and inflammation.

ROCKET improves experimental structure elucidation by integrating implicit structural knowledge from OpenFold, a trainable reimplementation of AlphaFold2, with X-ray crystallographic and cryo-electron microscopy experiments.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is predicted to slow with climate change. Sea surface temperature data and climate model analysis show that since 1900 natural variability has been dominant in AMOC changes; anthropogenic forcing is not yet reliably detectable by this method.

Changes in Southern Ocean circulation have preceded shifts in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in the North Atlantic over the past 1,300 years, according to an analysis of bamboo coral records from the southwest Pacific.

The authors observe strong coupling between valley excitons in a monolayer WS2 and intrinsically chiral photons shaped by a metasurface. The polaritons display enhanced chiral emission with their spin configuration controlled by the light source.

Using data from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a mathematical transmission model accounting for age, sex and sexual activity is able to identify the role of different transmission routes in the spread of the novel clade Ib of mpox.

Nationwide analysis of 30,086 confirmed Oropouche virus cases in Brazil between 2014 and 2025 shows that rural municipalities had over 11-fold-higher incidence than urban areas and identifies demographic, ecological and climatic factors influencing transmission, offering insights for targeted surveillance and control.

An extreme flare has been seen from a supermassive black hole at redshift z = 2.6. First detected in 2018, it is 30 times brighter than similar events. The most likely cause is the shredding of a star of 30 solar masses or more.

Time-restricted eating (TRE) and daily calorie restriction both led to significant weight loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared to controls. Thus, TRE is a safe and effective alternative to calorie restriction for weight management in this population.

Analysis of sequencing data from rare disease cohorts identifies biallelic variants in RNU2-2 underlying a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy associated with reduced U2-2 abundance and clinically distinct from the dominant RNU2-2 disorder.

Starburst galaxies are seen to host galaxy-scale winds, which are super-fast and could be powered entirely by the thermal pressure of gas heated by supernovae.

The study reveals a ‘chemocentric’ strategy for identifying charged molecular glue degraders, through discovering a bromodomain-binding molecular glue degrader prodrug that is metabolically activated in cells to recruit the YPEL5-CTLH E3 ligase.

Toker et al. present an AI framework that identifies mechanisms of consciousness. The model predicts new drivers of unconsciousness and identifies subthalamic nucleus stimulation as a potential therapy for disorders of consciousness.

Lunar rocks, not subject to complex crustal dynamics, reveal evolutionary aspects of the Earth-Moon system. The authors find that lunar ilmenite (age: 3.78 Ga) can host excess titanium in a trivalent state due to redox conditions not found on Earth.

Analyses of snRNA genes in a French cohort of people with rare disorders, with validation through international collaboration, identify monoallelic and biallelic variants in RNU2-2 as frequent causes of neurodevelopmental disorders with epilepsy.