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Global analysis of obesity trends from 1980 to 2024 in 200 countries and territories using data from 4,050 population-based studies reveals that framing obesity as a single global epidemic masks the highly varied dynamics across countries and age groups.

Selecting appropriate treatment for breast cancer is guided by molecular subtypes and clinical characteristics. Here, the authors show that their AI-based approach, which integrates digital pathology images and clinical data, demonstrates robust accuracy in predicting the risk of cancer recurrence across major molecular breast cancer subtypes, including triple negative breast cancer.

Mucosal immunity is an important component of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 response and may contribute to the relatively better protection provided by infection compared to vaccination of children against serious disease. Here, the authors analyse the antigen-specific B cell response in the tonsils, adenoids, and blood of children following infection with SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines to find evidence that tissue-specific B cell memory is formed with both, albeit with characteristic differences between the two groups.

Programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) has been implicated in thymic regulation of T cell development and function. Here, the authors characterize CD8⁺ T cell development in PD-1–deficient mice and show that PD-1 constrains the emergence of an effector-like program during thymic development, thereby shaping peripheral T cell responses and exhaustion in tumours.

MOSAIC is a versatile multimodal microscope that allows seamless transition between various light-sheet, two-photon, label-free and super-resolution modalities. It is demonstrated in various systems ranging from cell culture to mice.

Spatial transcriptomics platforms span multicellular to subcellular resolutions but lack methods to reconstruct single-cell transcriptomes across them. Here, the authors introduce STARS, a unified deep learning framework that integrates histology and transcriptomics to infer single-cell gene expression across resolutions.

Oral inflammatory diseases affect nearly half of all people, yet rapid progression drivers are unclear. The study identified CD38+ endothelial cell dysfunction and vascular remodeling as key features of aggressive oral inflammation.

The authors report that maternal RSV vaccination induces robust affinity-matured neutralizing antibodies in mothers and infants. Antibody transfer increased after 36 weeks, supporting current vaccination recommendations, and suggesting that early vaccination may benefit preterm-risk pregnancies.

The CMS experiment at CERN reports one of the highest-precision measurements of the W boson mass, finding it in line with standard model predictions and at odds with recent anomalous measurements.

Jena, Qu et al. show that mannadjuvant, a formulation of fungal mannan and aluminum hydroxide, increases the magnitude, durability and breadth of the response elicited by mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants in mice and non-human primates.

How low-energy particles are pre-accelerated and injected into the diffusive shock acceleration process has long been a mystery. Here, the authors show the shock discontinuity interaction induces intense electron acceleration and may be a solution.

The potential similarities in the superconductivity in nickelates and cuprates is a topic of debate. Now a distinct likeness is observed in the electronic properties of these materials, which hints that the microscopic mechanisms may be related.

High-latitude soils are future soil organic carbon loss hotspots, with losses dominated by particulate organic carbon (POC). The fraction of POC in total SOC (f_POC) is a key indicator, emphasizing the climate importance of preserving POC.

Comprehensive benchmarking of computational methods for the prognostic significance of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer remains elusive. Here, the authors perform multi-centric validation and evaluation of multiple cTILs methods in a large cohort of triple negative and HER2+ breast cancer patients.

Global Burden of Disease analysis found that in 2023, suboptimal diet was estimated to be responsible for 4 million deaths and 97 million morbidity burdens from ischemic heart disease.

An ALMA polarization survey towards 30 massive star-forming regions reveals that chaotic turbulence, rather than ordered magnetism, governs the formation of stellar cluster seeds, reshaping our understanding of how the most massive stars are born.

URM1 is an ancient protein modifier whose mechanism in human cells has been unclear. Here, the authors show that NAE1/UBA3 and UBE2M drive URM1 modification, especially during oxidative stress, and that pathway inhibition sensitizes liver cancer cells to cisplatin.

Human-driven disturbances intensify and prolong evapotranspiration declines across South American ecosystems, disrupting the water balance and threatening ecological resilience, according to hydrological modelling and remote sensing data.

PTCHD1-AS, which encodes a long non-coding RNA, is associated with the aetiology of autism spectrum disorder in humans through striatal molecular and circuit-level dysregulation.

Higher-order interactions are shown to contribute to the decrease in species diversity from low to high latitudes in global forests, potentially explaining why this intricate phenomenon cannot be adequately explained by pairwise interactions alone.

Improvements in the Articulate Medical Intelligence Explorer, a large language model designed for diagnostic dialogue, enable the model to request, interpret and reason about multimodal medical data.

A common rifampicin-resistance mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis alters transcription and creates new metabolic vulnerabilities through transcription attenuation, revealing potential targets to combat drug-resistant tuberculosis.

According to a data model analysis, dark brown carbon emitted by wildfires exerts radiative effects that can rival or exceed those of black carbon, extending into mid- and high-latitude regions, including the Arctic.

Many hospitalised children with acute illness in low- and middle-income countries experience incomplete recovery, readmission, and post-discharge mortality despite guideline-directed care. Here the authors report multiomic profiling to investigate biological drivers of hospital in-patient and post-discharge mortality in 3,101 acutely ill children across nine sites in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

LHAASO has detected γ-ray emission with a spectrum extending to 2 PeV from the pulsar wind nebula (PWN) powered by PSR J1849-0001, indicating an extreme particle acceleration efficiency and challenging the current particle acceleration theories.

In fruit flies, vitamin B5 activates Myc-driven Coenzyme A biosynthesis in kidney-like cells, boosting intestinal isoprenoid production to spur stem-cell and tumor growth; human data link this pathway to worse papillary kidney cancer outcomes.

An outstanding question about the iron-based superconductors has been whether or not their magnetic characteristics are dominated by itinerant or localized magnetic moments. Absolute measurements and calculations of the magnetic response of undoped and Ni-doped BaFe₂As₂ indicate the latter.

Bioactivity-guided isolation of specialized metabolites is an iterative process. Here, the authors demonstrate a native metabolomics approach that allows for fast screening of complex metabolite extracts against a protein of interest and simultaneous structure annotation.

Contaminants such as CO₂ and H₂S present in natural gas and biogas streams must be removed before use; existing strategies to do so can be rather complex. Here, the authors use a fluorinated porous metal–organic framework to remove CO₂ and H₂S from CH₄-rich feeds in a single step, potentially simplifying the process.

GLP-1–GIP–lanifibranor, a single-molecule agonist of GLP-1R, GIPR, PPARα, PPARγ and PPARδ, shows promising therapeutic efficacy against obesity-linked metabolic dysfunction in vitro and in mouse models via synergistic incretin and PPAR activity.

Cas12a2 enables RNA-triggered, sequence-specific killing of eukaryotic cells via widespread DNA shredding, allowing selective elimination of cells on the basis of gene expression, including virus-infected or mutation-bearing cells.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Synthetic macrocycles are promising therapeutics; however, most high-throughput discovery platforms rely on genetically encoded libraries of large peptide macrocycles, which are typically not optimized for drug-like properties. Here, the authors report CycloSEL (Cyclic Self-Encoded Libraries), an end-to-end workflow that screens synthetic macrocycle libraries enriched in drug-like ‘beyond rule of five’ features, based on affinity selections and hit identification by tandem mass spectrometry.

The carbon sink of tropical forests is in part constrained by biomass turnover. This study assesses aboveground biomass turnover in the Amazon and finds that convective storms are the main driver of spatial variation in turnover and future climate impacts will lead to accelerated biomass turnover.

By studying 23 neurodevelopmental disorder genes across model systems and brain cell types, the authors uncovered shared downstream effects that converge on synaptic biology, epigenetic regulation and mitochondrial function.

In this individual participant data meta-analysis, and across 321,345 smartphone-ratings of affective well-being and nearly 1 million hours of physical activity measurement, Rehder et al. clarify the nature and extent of activity–well-being relations and document their relevance in humans’ everyday life.

Cells respond to cholesterol levels with increased growth. Here, the authors show that HR3/RORα senses cholesterol to regulate TOR signaling, linking cholesterol availability to cell growth, with implications for cholesterol-related diseases and cancer.

DNA-sequencing data from primary tumours and paired metastases from participants in the TRACERx lung study and PEACE autopsy programme are used to analyse the metastatic diversity of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and the seeding patterns that underpin it.

Across 17 forest plots (2.7 million trees, 5,400 species), competition dominated overall, but facilitation was relatively stronger near the equator and declined towards higher latitudes, partly linked to temperature, legumes, mycorrhizal associations and canopy nursing effect.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communication by transferring signaling macromolecules. Unexpectedly, the author here identifies that adipocyte-specific loss of SMPD3 triggers neighboring preadipocytes to release EVs containing SMPD3 mRNA, restoring SMPD3 expression in genetically null adipocytes.

TDP-43 pathology is a key event in ALS/FTD and selectively affects specific neurons in the motor cortex. Here, the authors report which neuron types are affected and demonstrate that transcriptomic changes are cell-type specific.

Global forests show extensive tree-cover loss. Here, the authors report that plant attributes and functions can increase under limited tree-cover loss, but also that this safety margin due to edge effects from fragmentation has already been exceeded in 35.7% of forests globally.

An electrochromic in-sensor computing architecture enables adaptive, pixel-level spectral compression before readout, reducing data transmission and supporting energy-efficient intelligent vision for edge-computing systems.

Poholek and colleagues show that allergic alarmin-induced IL-9 increases expression of the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 in ILC2 cells, sustaining their cellular identity and type 2 immune responses.

Femtosecond laser pulse-induced coherent helicity switching of magnetic vortices in permalloy disks on picosecond timescales is reported.

A theory has suggested that mechanical deformation in helicenes with spring-like backbones could effectively modulate both conductance and thermopower in molecule electronics. Fujii et al. verify this using a three-dimensional carbohelicene-based break-junction, demonstrating a thermopower of −44 μV/K.

Multimode optical parametric amplification followed by a mode sorter and a camera enables the real-time measurement of up to 7.9 dB squeezing in multiple spatial modes. For mode superpositions, cluster states are demonstrated and characterized.

RNA velocity is a widely used method to predict the fate of single cells. Here the authors show that the concept can be adapted to predict the fate of individual human subjects, using RNA velocity of whole blood at a single point in time to predict future clinical outcomes and treatment responses.