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Ultrafast shaping of exciton-polariton condensates enables applications for classical and quantum logic devices and provides insights into the physics of nonequilibrium quantum condensates in solid-state. Here, the authors demonstrate ultrafast and reversible dynamic Stark modulation of a semiconductor exciton-polariton quantum condensate.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Peripheral nerve aging involves structural changes and extracellular matrix deposition. Here, the authors show peripheral nerve cell population shifts and induction of a chondrocyte-like fibroblast state through fibroblast growth factor signaling during aging.

Exercise has considerable health benefit, including modulation of the immune system. Here the authors compare the molecular make-up of peripheral blood immune cells at resting state and upon a single bout of two different aerobic exercise modes by proteomics and show that although both exercise modes trigger similar changes, the effect is more pronounced after high intensity interval training.

This global meta-analysis of freshwater stressor–response relationships reveals that the biodiversity loss of five riverine organism groups reflects elevated salinity, oxygen depletion and fine sediment accumulation, while the relationship with nutrient enrichment and warming varies among groups.

Zhang et al. demonstrate that S6K suppression in the Drosophila fat body mediates the longevity effects of rapamycin and identify Syntaxin 13 as a conserved downstream effector regulating lysosome morphology and inflammation in a sex-specific manner.

The authors use Patch-seq and electron microscopy datasets to relate synaptic connectivity to the transcriptomic cell type of different types of inhibitory neuron.

This study maps the connections of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the mouse cortex, revealing distinct local and intercortical wiring patterns, and provides an open framework for exploring the connectivity of cell types.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

Excitatory neurons in the neocortex exhibit considerable morphological diversity, yet their organizational principles remain a subject of ongoing research. Here, the authors use unsupervised learning to show that most excitatory neuron morphologies in the mouse visual cortex form a continuum, with notable exceptions in deeper layers.

This work investigates changes in regularity of crop failure, heatwave and wildfire exposure for different future climate scenarios. Major shifts in dominant periods are observed when moving from pre-industrial to current climate conditions.

tRNA modifications are essential for function, yet their timing relative to processing is unclear. Here, the authors show that queuosine and derivative modifications occur before splicing of pre-tRNA^Tyr, with cryo-EM confirming direct recognition by the QTRT1/2 complex.

Augmin is essential for microtubule nucleation during cell division. This study reveals how the conserved calponin homology domain of the augmin subunit HAUS6 binds to microtubules to orient augmin for microtubule branching.

Thanks to their strong light-matter interaction, atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides are ideal active materials for cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here, the authors embed a WSe₂monolayer within a Tamm-plasmon-polariton cavity, and observe exciton-polariton formation at room temperature.

Future quantum communication technologies require entanglement between stationary and flying qubits, in systems that are inherently scalable. To this end, De Greveet al.present full state tomography of a qubit pair formed by entangling a quantum dot spin and a photon, with a fidelity of over 90%.

Organic farming is proposed to increase the biodiversity of organisms within a field. In this study, Schneider et al.show that while biodiversity is increased in organically farmed fields compared to conventionally farmed land, these effects are not seen at a greater spatial level.

Pan-cistrome of the maize leaf under well-watered and drought conditions profiled by haplotype-specific MOA-seq highlights the relevance of transcription factor binding QTLs for understanding phenotypic diversity in maize.

Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides are an ideal platform to investigate the underlying physics of strongly bound excitons in low dimensions. Here, the authors demonstrate the formation of a bosonic condensate driven by excitons in two-dimensional MoSe₂ strongly coupled to light in a solid-state resonator.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies on Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias identifies new loci and enables generation of a new genetic risk score associated with the risk of future Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

The transport measurements of an interacting fermionic quantum gas in an optical lattice provide a direct experimental realization of the Hubbard model—one of the central models for interacting electrons in solids—and give insights into the transport properties of many-body phases in condensed-matter physics.

The authors identify the evolutionarily conserved amino acid-sensing protein Sestrin as a key mediator of dietary restriction benefits in flies. Sestrin regulates gut stem cell activity via the TOR pathway, resulting in improved gut health and longevity.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Known genetic loci account for only a fraction of the genetic contribution to Alzheimer’s disease. Here, the authors have performed a large genome-wide meta-analysis comprising 409,435 individuals to discover 6 new loci and demonstrate the efficacy of an Alzheimer’s disease polygenic risk score.

Polygenic risk scores for Alzheimer’s disease derived from individuals of European ancestry can show improved performance in multiancestry settings after incorporating genome-wide association summary statistics from diverse populations.

An analysis demonstrates that quantitative measurements of perisomatic ultrastructure features of neurons can be used to categorize them into cell types.

The Connectome Annotation Versioning Engine (CAVE) is a platform for proofreading, annotating and analyzing datasets reaching the petascale. Currently, CAVE is used for electron microscopy datasets, but it can potentially be used for other large-scale datasets.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Dense calcium imaging combined with co-registered high-resolution electron microscopy reconstruction of the brain of the same mouse provide a functional connectomics map of tens of thousands of neurons of a region of the primary cortex and higher visual areas.

SREBP transcription factors activate lipid synthesis and generate raw materials to lipidate various proteins. Here, the authors show that a stiff cellular environment causes RhoA lipidation and acto-myosin contraction, which inhibits SREBP1 and connects the extracellular matrix to lipid metabolism.

Branched organoids embedded in collagen gels can recapitulate the phenotypic landscape and pronounced molecular and morphological heterogeneity of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Ossenkoppele, Coomans and colleagues analyzed the tau PET data of 12,048 individuals from 42 cohorts worldwide. They found that age, amyloid-β status, presence of an APOE ε4 allele and female sex are key contributors to tau PET positivity, which should aid clinical decision-making and trial designs.

A cross-scale analysis of paired-stressor effects on biological variables of European freshwater ecosystems shows that in 39% of cases, significant effects were limited to single stressors, with nutrient enrichment being the most important of these in lakes. Additive and interactive effects were similarly frequent (ca. 30% each), this frequency being independent of the spatial scale of analysis for lakes but increasing with scale for rivers.

Laser spectroscopy measurements of the fermium isotopic chain show a smooth trend in the nuclear size of heavy actinide elements, and diminishing shell effects on the size evolution compared with lighter nuclei.

Allergen specific immunotherapy (AIT) is both, safe and effective in reducing systemic symptoms of venom allergy in individuals. Here the authors examine the underlying immune cell changes after venom specific AIT in early time points after therapy initiation showing indicative changes in specific immune cell populations.

In acute myeloid leukemia, hypomethylating agents decitabine and azacytidine are used interchangeably. Here, the authors show that the major metabolite of decitabine, but not azacytidine, is subject to SAMHD1 inactivation, highlighting SAMHD1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target

Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic cholestatic liver disease, display changes in the gut microbiota and in bile acid composition. Schneider, Candels and colleagues identify a role for microbiota-dependent regulation of bile acid synthesis through farnesoid X receptor signalling, which is relevant for PSC disease progression.

Neural Decomposition (NEURD) is a software package that decomposes neuronal data from high-resolution electron microscopy volumes into feature-rich graph representations to facilitate analysis for neuroscience research.

The histone demethylase Lsd1 regulates the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in human embryonic stem cells. Here, the authors show that the loss of Lsd1 in the trophectoderm of mouse embryos leads to premature differentiation of trophoblast stem cells, partially due to de-repression of the transcription factor Ovol2.

During early-stage tumour growth in Drosphila, tumour cells acquire necessary nutrients by triggering autophagy in surrounding cells in the tumour microenvironment.

Segment Anything for Microscopy (μSAM) builds on the vision foundation model Segment Anything for high-quality image segmentation over a wide range of imaging conditions including light and electron microscopy.