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High-energy electron beams interacting with targets produce electromagnetic showers, a pathway for producing electronpositron pair plasma in the laboratory. Here, the authors solve kinetic equations to derive spectra and pair numbers for varying target thicknesses, with results validated by Geant4 simulations, an explicit formula for the density of outgoing pairs is then obtain.

Large-scale combination drug screens in cancer are extremely challenging because of the immense number of possible combinations. Here, the authors develop BATCHIE, a Bayesian active learning platform to design scalable and maximally informative drug combination screening assays; this is validated in retrospective and prospective cancer studies.

The authors theoretically delineate the maximal increases in tree growth that can be expected from increases in plant intrinsic water-use efficiency, which increases with rising CO₂. They highlight environmental and physiological limits on growth in the context of experimental data.

Thermal lepton pairs are ideal probes for the temperature of quark-gluon plasma. Here, the STAR Collaboration uses thermal electron-positron pair production to measure quark-gluon plasma average temperature at different stages of the evolution.

While continuous-variable QKD presents many experimental advantages, a full security proof that addresses the most general attacks and digitized signals in the finite-size regime has so far been lacking. Here, the authors fill this gap in the case of a protocol with a binary phase modulation.

STAARpipeline is a comprehensive framework for flexible and scalable rare-variant association analysis using whole-genome sequencing data and annotation information.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

The concept of a time crystal is well established, but its interplay with topological order is less explored. Wahl et al. show that time crystals may arise from topological order and that such states make the gauge theoretic perimeter law dynamic, offering a key feature to seek with quantum computers.

The field-reversal configuration (FRC) represents a fusion device concept capable of high power density with a compact geometry. Here, the authors report on the generation and sustainment of a FRC by means of neutral beam injection in the C-2W machine at TAE technologies. This contributes towards establishing FRC as an alternative economic fusion device.

The LHCb collaboration reports an improved measurement of the oscillation frequency of mesons consisting of a bottom quark and strange quark, which is then combined with previous results.

Dual cyclin A/B RxL inhibitors selectively kill small cell lung cancer cells and other cancer cells with high E2F activity.

scATAC-seq data pose statistical challenges due to sparsity and cell-specific sequence capture. Here, the authors present PACS, a zero-adjusted statistical model that enables complex hypothesis testing of accessibility-modulating factors while addressing sparse and incomplete data.

Hybrid skin-topological effect (HSTE) is a new phenomenon involving the interplay between non-Hermitian skin effects and topological edge states. Here, the authors highlight the key role of boundary configurations and experimentally observe HSTE states using synthetic complex frequencies.

Using crystallography and in planta analysis, Shahul Hameed et al. reveal how ROS-induced disulphide bonding inhibits the strigolactone-degrading enzyme CXE15, uncovering a redox-sensitive mechanism for regulating hormone catabolism in plants.

How landscapes are arranged affects soil pathogenic fungi worldwide. The authors reveal the global pattern and pronounced scale-dependency of landscape complexity and land-cover quantity on soil pathogenic fungal diversity.

Percolation is a tool used to investigate a network’s response as random links are removed. Here the author presents a generic analytic theory to describe how percolation properties are affected in coloured networks, where the colour can represent a network feature such as multiplexity or the belonging to a community.

Genome-wide association analyses of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry provide new insights into the etiology of this disorder and identify novel therapeutic leads and potential opportunities for drug repurposing.

In a quantum simulation of a (2+1)D lattice gauge theory using a superconducting quantum processor, the dynamics of strings reveal the transition from deconfined to confined excitations as the effective electric field is increased.

Drug combination therapy is often required to overcome the limited benefits of monotherapy in cancer treatment. Here the authors present SynergyLMM, which harmonizes analyses of drug combination experiments in animal studies, helping researchers statistically test synergy and antagonism, design well-powered experiments, and enhancing eventual translation to more effective combination therapies.

The mosquito Aedes aegypti can detect humans through infrared radiation for highly effective mid-range navigation.

Changes in protein subcellular localization can be determined using mass spectrometry. Here, the authors present a statistical approach to determine relocalising proteins from spatial proteomics experiments.

Determinants of WEE1 inhibitor sensitivity in cancer cells are largely undefined. Here, the authors show that WEE1 inhibitors beyond their cell cycle perturbing effects also lead to paradoxical activation of the integrated stress response kinase GCN2.

Recent MPXV outbreaks underscore the need for better vaccines and treatments. Here, the authors isolate and structurally characterize potent antibodies interacting with A28 that they identify as a key viral surface protein essential for viral entry and that induces strong, protective antibody response in mice.

A broad new class of commercially available multiphoton photoinitiators is identified, the properties of which result in the inverse scaling of photolithographic feature size with exposure time, rather than the usual proportional scaling. On combination with a conventional initiator, photoresists can be created for which the feature size is independent of exposure.

Here, authors report the structure of the augmin’s CH domain bound to the microtubule lattice and show that its Haus8 subunit binds tubulin tails. Both domains are critical for microtubule binding and for microtubules to branch at shallow angles.

Here the authors show that lipid exposed surfaces of protein sequences in membrane-embedded Respiratory Complexes experience selection pressure due to cardiolipin unsaturation. This highlights the role of lipid-protein interactions in evolution, and their possible roles in mitochondrial diseases.

Therapeutic application of RNA viruses requires tight control over viral activity. Here the authors design a regulatory switch that enables control over activity with clinically approved HIV protease inhibitors.

Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics analysis of stricturing Crohn’s disease highlights cellular heterogeneity in fibrotic tissue and identifies neighborhoods of fibroblasts and immune cells contributing to this severe disease complication.

The experimental demonstration of many-body signal amplification in a solid-state, room-temperature quantum sensor is reported.

This study demonstrates 3D printing of hierarchically ordered, porous transition metal oxides and nitrides directed by block copolymer self-assembly, with record surface areas and nanoconfinement-induced critical fields in the nitride superconductors

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Fick’s laws describe the essential physics of diffusion, but it is challenging to extend them to systems out of equilibrium. The authors derive the diffusivity of particles near active carpets - a surface covered with hydrodynamic actuators, which provides a framework for transport in living matter.

Coherent quantum transition spectroscopy of the spin of a single antiproton is reported, demonstrating Rabi oscillations of the spin and enabling improved measurement of matter/antimatter symmetry using proton and antiproton magnetic moments.

Examples of photoinduced insulator-to-metal transitions with a long-lived metallic state are rare. Here, the authors report a photoinduced steady metallic state in Ta₂NiSe₅, characterized by a lattice structure distinct from that of equilibrium states and thermally stable up to 350 K.

A programmable neutral-atom quantum computer based on a two-dimensional array of qubits led to the creation of 2–6-qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states and showed the ability to execute quantum phase estimation and optimization algorithms.

The origin of methane in oxic waters of the open ocean remains uncertain. This study documents methylphosphonate-driven methane formation in the tropical North Atlantic, providing insights into the ecological importance of phosphonates in the carbon cycle of the oligotrophic ocean.

Strike-slip motion along the tiger stripe fracture zones of Enceladus may act to modulate quasi-periodic jet activity, according to finite-element simulations of diurnal tidal deformation on the moon’s icy shell.

By leveraging the power of pretrained DNA foundation models, SegmentNT achieves performant genome annotation through segmenting different genic and regulatory elements.

By using a terahertz free-electron laser, multiphoton transitions between impurity states in p-doped Si are investigated. The two- and three-photon integrated absorption cross-sections are found to be the highest ever reported for a discrete oscillator system.

The cytochrome bc₁ oxidase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a potential target in the fight against tuberculosis. Here, the authors evaluate the potential of cytochrome bc₁ inhibitors as partner drugs in tuberculosis treatment regimens.

There is compelling mechanistic rationale for combining PARP inhibitors with topoisomerase I (TOP1) inhibitors but hindered by dose-limiting toxicities. Here this group proposes a dose-escalation strategy integrating tumor-targeted TOP1 inhibitor with optimized PARP inhibitor scheduling, and evaluate the safety and efficacy in a phase 1 trial of 24 patients with advanced solid tumors.

This work presents GōMartini 3, an improved coarse-grained protein model combining physics- and structure-based approaches. It boosts computational efficiency and accuracy for structured soluble and membrane as well as disordered peptides/proteins.

Morkovin’s hypothesis establishes a comparison between incompressible and compressible flows and is essential for understanding supersonic and hypersonic turbulence. In this work, the authors present the measurements of wall-normal fluctuations that support the hypothesis proposed in 1962.

Export of Plasmodium falciparum proteins into infected erythrocytes relies upon the PEXEL motif in target proteins. Here Boddey et al.challenge the hypothesis that the PEXEL motif mediates export by binding PI(3)P and instead suggest it acts via cleavage by plasmepsin V.

The isolation of dental proteins from fossils deposited 1.5 million to 18 million years ago in the Turkana Basin in Kenya, a tropical region, demonstrate the promise of dental enamel for palaeoproteomic and evolutionary studies.

Patricia Munroe, Christopher Newton-Cheh, Andrew Morris and colleagues perform association studies in over 340,000 individuals of European ancestry and identify 66 loci, of which 17 are novel, involved in blood pressure regulation. The risk SNPs are enriched for cis-regulatory elements, particularly in vascular endothelial cells.

An antimatter hypernucleus formed by an anti-lambda hadron, an antiproton and two antineutrons was observed through its two-body decay after production in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.