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Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

Phellodendron amurense is a Tertiary relict species with significant ecological and medicinal value. Here, the authors report its genome assembly and reveal the involvement of CNMT gene family is berberine biosynthesis.

He et al. present a parameter-efficient fine-tuning method for single-cell language models that improves performance on unseen diseases, treatments and cell types.

Light-dependent phosphorylation can modulate rice blast immunity. Here the authors show that the receptor-like kinase OsLIKE1 phosphorylates LHCB5 to confer blast resistance and identify SNPs that could potentially be used to breed resistant cultivars.

Drug-resistant bacterial infections hinder tissue repair and regeneration. Here, authors present a lysozyme nanofibril-based hydrogel that mimics neutrophil extracellular traps, enabling pathogen elimination and promoting tissue regeneration.

This study presents a two-step chemical reprogramming strategy that converts fibroblasts into functional retinal pigment epithelium cells, offering a safe and scalable alternative for vision restoration in retinal degenerative diseases.

Fluid shear stress plays a role in medulloblastoma metastasis through a PIEZO2-actomyosin-GLUT1 signalling cascade.

This study shows that the human brain encodes spatial novelty along continuous neural gradients. Activity shifts gradually along the hippocampal long axis and the posterior medial cortex from novel to familiar locations during virtual navigation, reflecting how the brain tracks and maps space.

The commercialization of organic solar cells has been hindered by the limited device stability. Here, authors show that the connectivity of electron transport network is a key factor determining electron transport and device stability, with polymeric acceptors likely to establish such a network.

Li, Li, Wu et al. use a proteomics approach, PhastID to identify protein components of nuclear condensates (NCs). They reveal crosstalk between NCs, the dynamics of condensate components and identify an NC formed by BUD13.

DNA damage from chemotherapy can activate cGAS–STING and interferon pathways. Here, the authors show that cGAS–STING signaling is specific to DNA rich in CA repeats, whereas DNA not rich in CA repeats is detected by AIM2, resulting in opposing tumor immune responses.

Manual injection, which remains low-throughput and labor-intensive, is a technical bottleneck for large-scale genetic studies of C. elegans. Here, the authors report a robotic microinjection system which facilitates injection speed while maintaining injection quality which is comparable to experienced experts.

Here, the authors structurally and biochemically characterise the YcfA-YcfC enzyme system, crucial for biosynthesis of the anticancer and antimicrobial agent 6-thioguanine.

High-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) are promising catalysts, but their synthesis remains challenging. Here, the authors report a continuous-flow method and a hydrothermal mechanism for the general synthesis of carbon-supported sub-2 nm high-loading HEA-NPs as electrocatalysts.

Light-driven micromotors can convert energy to motion in sub-millimeter dimensions. Here, the authors extend this concept and introduce reconfigurable micromachines with multiple components, driven by optoelectronic tweezers, and demonstrate new functionalities.

The insertion of thin layers of cobalt can stabilize β-tungsten under back-end-of-line thermal constraints, allowing a 64-kb spin–orbit torque magnetic random-access memory to be fabricated that offers a spin–orbit torque switching of 1 ns, data retention of more than 10 years and a tunnelling magnetoresistance of 146%.

The mechanism of HIV-1 latency reversal remains unclear. The authors suggest that PRMT3 drives the reversal by enhancing chromatin accessibility to form a transcriptional hub containing TEAD4 and P-TEFb at the viral promoter.

Here, the authors identify lysine-specific demethylase 1 is a homologous recombination (HR) regulator. Its inhibitor induces HR deficiency and sensitizes HR-proficient ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors, which expand the use of PARP inhibitors.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Porous graphene integrated into graphene oxide membranes yields smart molecular sieves that switch separation based on the solvent. This allows for graded separations of different-sized molecules.

Solid-state pressure sensors have performance limitations in liquid environments. Here, the authors design a pressure sensor using solid–liquid–liquid–gas multiphasic interfaces where a trapped air layer modulates capacitance changes with pressure to achieve near-friction-free contact line motions for near-ideal pressure sensing.

Current studies have provided limited knowledge on real-world chemical exposures and related risks. Here, the authors show serum exposure characteristics of humans in different regions and age groups, revealing diverse risk relationships with multiple chronic diseases.

The authors demonstrate a programmable topological photonic chip with large-scale integration of silicon photonic nanocircuits and microresonators that can be rapidly reprogrammed to implement diverse multifunctionalities.

Deterministic generation of a continuous-variable eight-mode entanglement on an integrated optical chip is reported.

By constructing a graph-based grapevine pangenome reference (Grapepan v.1.0) and incorporating structural variations and phenotypic maps, the study investigates the genetic basis of agronomic traits, empowering grapevine genomic breeding.

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) encapsulation is important to improve the performance of graphene devices, but it is normally restricted by exfoliation and transfer methods. Here, the authors report the conformal h-BN encapsulation for the hierarchical configuration of large-scale graphene-skinned glass fiber fabrics via chemical vapor deposition, leading to improved electrical and thermal stability.

Here, the authors use single-molecule long-read sequencing to decipher the role of structural variations in high-altitude adaptation, finding evidence that an intergenic deletion down-regulates EPAS1 by disrupting a super-enhancer.

How obesity causes cardiac dysfunction is not fully understood. Here, the authors show that a high fat diet inhibits the activity of RabGAP AS160 in the heart, causing pathological metabolic remodeling and altering calcium signaling.

Macrophages play a key role in atherosclerosis through lipid uptake and inflammation. Here, the authors show that RNF128 promotes atherosclerosis by stabilizing scavenger receptor B1 (SRB1) via polyubiquitination, enhancing foam cell formation and inflammation, while its ablation reduces plaque formation in hyperlipidemic mice.

Prodrugs have the potential for improving therapeutic index and expanding drug targets, but current prodrug activation strategies that are responsive to endogenous stimuli can result in unintended drug release and systemic toxicity. Here, the authors report 3-vinyl−6-oxymethyltetrazine (voTz) as an all-in-one reagent for modular preparation of tetrazine-caged prodrugs and chemoselective labeling of peptides to produce bioorthogonal activable peptide-prodrug conjugates.

A spinal reflex controller with fixed-gain muscle force and length feedback can generate a wide range of natural gaits, offering insight into how proprioceptive reflexes may contribute to locomotor control.

Adipose tissue enlargement involves adipose hyperplasia and hypertrophy, which correlate with excessive ROS and hyperactivated XBP1. Here, the authors introduce KT-NE, a nanoemulsion combining KIRA6 (an XBP1 inhibitor) and α-Tocopherol, easing ER and oxidative stress in (pre)adipocytes and showing anti-obesity effectiveness.

The discovery of the resistosome was a milestone in plant immunity. Here, Zhong et al. identify a kinase that phosphorylates the NLR, and reveal how this kinase regulates resistosome assembly to fine-tune immune responses.

The quality of covalent organic frameworks is often compromised by structural damages induced during their activation procedure which influences their subsequent applications. Here, the authors describe a self-sacrificing guest strategy to synthesize high-quality two-dimensional COFs by incorporating salt guests within the pores of the COF structure.

Although the Tetrahymena group I intron was the first RNA catalyst discovered, important mechanistic details remain ambiguous. Now six different conformational states of Tetrahymena group I intron self-splicing and an unexpected pseudoknotted structure are resolved by cryogenic electron microscopy.