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The yin–yang codec transcoding algorithm is proposed to improve the practicality and robustness of DNA data storage.

The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays an important role in human disease, yet little is known about its role in brain development. This study shows that YY1 controls cerebral cortex development by maintaining proliferation and survival of neural progenitor cells via transcriptional regulation of genes involved in metabolism and protein translation.

Here the authors perform a trans expression quantitative trait locus meta-analysis study of over 3,700 people and link a USP18 variant to expression of 50 inflammation genes and lupus risk, highlighting how genetic regulation of immune responses drives autoimmune disease and informs new therapies.

In this Review, Lemon and colleagues describe the interactions of the RNA genome of hepatitis C virus with various host proteins and microRNAs. They discuss how these interactions affect viral RNA synthesis and decay, and how they influence the long-term persistence of the virus.

The theory of Mendelian inheritance states that half our genes are maternal and half are paternal. This view is incomplete, as maternal–fetal exchange creates a legacy of non-native cells within an individual that can affect their health for better or worse, including contributing to their risk of developing autoimmune disease.

Limited therapeutic options are available for pulmonary fibrosis because its molecular pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, the authors show that the CCL20– integrin α5β1–TGF β signaling cascade could be a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.

Exercise promotes recovery after stroke, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show that regulatory T cells enable exercise-induced repair by reducing neuronal hyperexcitability via interleukin-10, linking immunity to functional regeneration.

Previous models explain solid-solution strengthening by differences in atomic volume and electronegativity of the constituent atoms. Here, the authors consider both factors simultaneously and identify atomic volume as the dominant factor for FCC alloys.

Female mice can learn to respond to distress calls from young mice — an ability that has now been found to be improved through signalling by the hormone oxytocin in the left auditory cortex of the brain. See Article p.499

Here, the authors demonstrate increased global lactylation levels and in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis patients. NFATc2 is identified as a key target gene regulated by histone H3 lysine 9 lactylation that exacerbates disease progression by enhancing the cartilage invasive function of fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

E2F transcription factors coordinate the timely expression of genes during early cell-cycle progression. In addition, the E2F-1 subunit can induce apoptosis in response to DNA damage. New results reveal an unexpected function for E2F-1 in suppressing apoptosis, which may be important in explaining the contribution of E2F-1 to tumorigenesis.

This study reports that the gene SMPED1, located in a previously identified dichogamy-determining region in Alpinia species, controls the timing of sex-organ synchrony, improving our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of plant sexual diversity.

An Ohmic contact interface engineering strategy was proposed by loading copper nano islands on indium hydroxide nanocubes, which could trigger and stabilize the polarized Cu0 -Cuδ+ active sites. Such catalyst enabled effective ammonia electrosynthesis with nitrate under ambient conditions

Grain protein content determines rice nutrition quality. Here, the authors show that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of OsGluA2, encoding a glutelin type-A2 precursor, is responsible for glutelin content difference between the indica and japonica rice subspecies.

The GAIN domain of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors, a class of biological mechanosensors, was thought to be sufficient for its self-cleavage. Here, the authors show that the event also depends on the seven-transmembrane region of the receptors.

It is important to know how the recent COVID-19 pandemic shaped the immune memory against the causal SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here authors show that long years following mild disease at primary infection, SARSCoV-2 spike-specific CD4 + T cells with distinct phenotypes and T cell receptor clonotypes, associated with viral suppression persist.

Polygenic risk scores can help identify individuals at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors characterise a multi-ancestry score across nearly 900,000 people, showing that its predictive value depends on demographic and clinical context and extends to related traits and complications.

Type 2 diabetes predisposes individuals to multiple comorbidities, but causal mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors use Mendelian randomisation to show that distinct genetic pathways underlie diabetes-related risks, with ancestry-specific differences.

A cooperative aerial manipulation system, called FlyingToolbox, can work stably with sub-centimetre-level docking accuracy under vertical-stack flight conditions. 

The quantum nature of light has been harnessed in a photonic chip to perform machine-learning tasks. For specifically designed problems, the approach outperforms established classical methods.

Fault tolerance is essential for reliable AI acceleration using novel memristive hardware. Yousuf et al. developed a training-free fault tolerance scheme and demonstrated on a 20,000-memristor prototyping platform that it outperforms other solutions.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. Here, the authors identify rare deleterious variants in UBOX5 as risk factors and implicate BIP ubiquitination as a potential disease mechanism.

Glutamatergic and GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid-producing) cortical neuronal activity drives proliferation of small lung cell cancer via paracrine interactions and through synapses formed with tumour cells.

Analysis of samples from the asteroid Ryugu provide evidence of late fluid flow in a carbonaceous asteroid, indicating that such bodies may have retained two to three times more water than previously thought.

To date, experimental induction of hair cell regeneration in mammals leads to immature and poorly differentiated hair cells. Here the authors show that the transcription factor prdm1a plays a crucial role in specifying sensory hair cell types with loss of prdm1a in zebrafish leading to misspecification of hair cells in the sensory lateral line system into ear hair cells.

At equilibrium, the ferroelectric polarization is proportional to the strain. At ultrafast timescales, an above-bandgap laser excitation decouples strain and polarization, which, out of equilibrium, is mainly determined by the photoexcited electrons.

Here, the authors show that hepatic lipid accumulation induced by Helicobacter hepaticus involves mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted lipid metabolism via CdtB-ROS-mTORC1-SREBP1 and NONO, highlighting CdtB as a key mediator and potential therapeutic target.

Spatial transcriptomic studies and lineage tracing reveal that, after brain injury, transient profibrotic fibroblasts develop from existing brain fibroblasts, infiltrate lesions, regulate the local immune response and lead to beneficial scar tissue formation.

Current methods to investigate glycosylation allow the identification of modification sites but provide limited additional information. A new strategy using polymers to label specific sugars now shows a huge variety in the occupancy of known glycosylation sites as well as unexpected interplay between post-translational modifications.

Integrated multi-omic analyses using samples from the TRACERx study highlight cross-talk between DNA hypermethylation and genomic lesions in non-small cell lung cancer.

In this Review, Mao et al. discuss the regulation and interplay of the metabolic cell death pathways ferroptosis, disulfidptosis and cuproptosis and explore how these mechanisms can be harnessed for cancer therapies.

An agent-based large language model (LLM) tool helps with CRISPR-based gene-editing experimental design and analysis.

The SLC45A4 gene encodes a neuronal polyamine transporter and is linked to pain response in humans and mice.

Genetic background, plasma metabolome and dietary data from 4,215 women and 1,490 men reveal 57 metabolites whose associations with dementia risk vary by APOE4 genotype and other risk variants.

This manuscript presents a non-contact ultrasonic system for large-scale additive manufacturing, where the low-intensity ultrasound without cavitation refines grains via dendrite fragmentation through acoustic streaming and Marangoni-driven melt flow.

The management of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains challenging due to the complexity of its etiology. Here, the authors establish that argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) and its metabolite arginine are pivotal inducers of UC, through the triggering of mTOR and iNOS activation, and the induction of gut microbiota dysbiosis by metabolomics and proteomics. Inhibition of ASS1 by C-01 provides a viable strategy for the treatment of UC.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Developing highly active and robust catalysts remains a challenge for the implementation of nitrate reduction. The authors introduce a screw dislocation-mediated 3D printing strategy to fabricate curvature-controlled electrodes with 3D lattice strain, enhancing nitrate reduction performance.

Optimizing the transport, mobility and diffusion of reactants and intermediates in a confined space can accelerate reactions. Here the authors study the reaction of highly reactive intermediates such as short-lived cationic and anionic species in a flow reactor.