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A new type of Fe/N–C catalyst composed of numerous nanoprotrusions dispersed on two-dimensional carbon layers with inner-embedded single Fe-atom sites has been developed that delivers a high-performance platinum group metal-free proton-exchange membrane fuel cell.

Whether multimorbidity accelerates brain Aβ deposition in humans remains largely unknown. Here, the authors demonstrate that higher self-reported multimorbidity burden predicts increased brain Aβ accumulation rates in the ADNI cohort.

Zhao, Chai and colleagues. show that proline regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis by modulating mRNA retention in paraspeckle structures, thus contributing to glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

DSS1 is reported to be involved in the maintenance of DNA repair and protein homeostasis. Here, authors show that DSS1 is upregulated in metastatic ccRCC, promoting tumor growth and metastasis by impairing autophagy and stabilizing TWIST1.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of immune cells in the blood and liver of a human decedent receiving a pig liver xenograft reveals impaired adaptive immunity and monocyte features that may induce T cell exhaustion and contribute to platelet activation.

Robust, high-throughput processing of two-dimensional materials produced by chemical vapor deposition requires a reliable and scalable technique to transfer the materials to a target substrate. An automated system for transferring chemical-vapor-deposited two-dimensional materials using robotics is developed, demonstrating high production capability with uniformity and repeatability of the transferred materials.

Going from model development to a pilot implementation study, a deep learning model shows that acute aortic syndrome can be diagnosed directly from noncontrast CT, increasing accuracy and decreasing time to diagnosis.

Photosynthesis reaction centre barrel proteins are important components of the FtsZ-based cell division apparatus in Haloferax volcanii and other archaea.

Methane can be converted into other useful chemicals and fuels via photocatalytic oxidative coupling, yet producing molecules with more than two carbon atoms remains difficult. Here the authors show that highly strained Au confined within the nanopores of TiO₂ can convert methane to propane with high selectivity.

Accurate prediction of the functional impact of missense variants is important in clinical genetic diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. Here the authors introduce a largest-to-date dataset of human missense variants labeled with their mode-of-action and a deep learning method to predict mode-of-action effects with state-of-the-art performance.

A reinforcement learning-based virtual reality system, implementing a series of sport sessions with coaching, was as effective as standard physical activity in reducing fat mass in adolescents, with positive effects on cognition.

Zhu et al. show that cAMP-dependent PKA phosphorylates Bora, enabling Aurora A binding and Plk1 activation. This modification ensures timely mitotic entry, unveiling a previously unrecognized interface between PKA signaling and cell cycle regulation.

High-mass-loading electrodes are essential for high-energy all-solid-state batteries but suffer from poor kinetics. Here, authors use neutron imaging to identify ion-transport limitations and introduce a gradient solid electrolyte design that improves battery mass-loading and rate performance.

In the CRHCP-3 cluster-randomized trial, blood pressure reduction lowered the risk of all-cause dementia by 15% in 33,995 individuals with hypertension.

Annexin A1 mRNA-loaded liposomes alleviate acute pancreatitis in mice by restoring macrophage efferocytosis and suppress STING pathway activation, offering a promising nanotechnology-based therapeutic strategy.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a promising platform for mRNA delivery, but their use in inflammatory pulmonary diseases is limited by reactogenicity and suboptimal delivery. Here, the authors report a VATPase activating non-inflammatory LNP (NIF-LNP) exhibiting a 40fold enhancement in lung protein expression without causing significant reactogenicity compared to commercial LNPs.

A nonantibiotic-dependent therapy capable of destroying the biofilm is desired for the treatment of drug-resistant fungal infections but underdeveloped. Here, the authors engineer semiconductor coated upconversion nanohybrids for the synergistic actions of ultrasound and near-infrared light that promote drug penetration and reactive oxygen species-mediated disruption of Candida albicans biofilms.

Ammonia recovery from ammonium-containing wastewater not only promotes the circularity of nutrients but also prevents water pollution. Here the authors develop a solar-driven method for recovering ammonia from ammonium-containing wastewater, using a floatable amino-grafted MXene-based sponge.

Glycans regulate cells via glycosylation, and aberrant glycosylation is linked to disease initiation and progression. Here, the authors present GlycanDIA, a DIA-based workflow enabling sensitive, precise glycan analysis, revealing low-abundant modifications and profiling distinct RNA glycan patterns with biological relevance.

Su et al. report that the super-enhancer K5aSE orchestrates Klf5andadditional targets via 3D chromatin interactions in ES cells, with CTCF-mediated chromatin domains maintaining this regulatory network essential for ES cell identity.

By investigating the paradoxical retention of a photolyase gene in a light-deprived blind cavefish, the authors reveal a novel light-independent function for CPD photolyase in the repair of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage

The use of biomarkers of ageing is crucial for investigating age-related processes. This Review discusses biomarkers of ageing and of ageing-associated physiological changes, at the cellular, tissue and organism levels in humans and non-human primates.

DNA transactions promote torsional constraints that pose inherent risks to genome integrity. Here the authors identify the macro-histone splice variant macroH2A1.1 as an epigenetic modulator of topoisomerase 1-associated genome maintenance. MacroH2A1.1 expression determines sensitivity to TOP1 poisons and may present a cancer vulnerability.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines containing Omicron subvariant XBB 1.5 were introduced in the United States in 2023. Here, the authors assess the safety of these vaccines by analysing the occurrence of 15 adverse events of special interest following vaccine receipt using electronic health record data.

The diagnosis and prognosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) relies on invasive renal biopsies, which can be clinically constrained. Here, the authors develop a non-invasive model using retinal images that can be used to screen for CKD and identify five common pathological types of CKD.

Photothermal therapy using photo agents developed with high photothermal conversion efficiency under long-wavelength laser irradiation has been investigated in preclinical cancer treatment. Here this group reports coating mesoporous carbon nanomaterials with a lanthanide oxysulfide up-conversion material (Y₂O₂S:Yb³⁺, Er³⁺) with tumor targeting capability for in situ ocular melanoma tumor treatment.

Ni, Wei, Vona and colleagues use human brain organoids to dissect patient AIRIM variants associated with neurodevelopmental features. A subset of variants impaired ribosome production and protein synthesis, and delayed radial glial cell specification.

A relative potency-adjusted inventory of fine-particulate matter (PM_2.5) established in China reveals sectoral and regional disparities in PM_2.5 emissions, exposures and associated toxic potencies.

Desmocollin 2 (DSC2) binds to the EBV glycoprotein H/glycoprotein L complex and allows for virus entry to epithelial cells, which could be blocked by DSC2-specific antibodies. DSC2 allowed for virus entry independent of Ephrin receptor A2.

Together with a companion paper, the generation of a transcriptomic atlas for the mouse lemur and analyses of example cell types establish this animal as a molecularly tractable primate model organism.

Diatomic catalysts show promise for the oxygen reduction reaction, but their complex kinetics hinder rational design. Here, the authors synthesize strongly bonded Fe-Co diatomic catalysts where Co acts as the main active site and Fe aids *OH adsorption, revealing a synergistic effect.

Exercise exerts health benefits, yet the long-term effects of early-life regular exercise on later-life health and lifespan remain poorly understood. Here, the authors show early-life exercise in mice extends healthspan, though it does not affect lifespan.

The field of blood proteomics faces an upsurge of data with the challenge of cross-study comparisons. This Perspective offers an in-depth analysis and proposes reference materials to enhance data integration and accelerate clinical translation.

Conventional entrapped ¹²⁹Xe with low signal intensity limits in vivo applications. Here, the authors developed a MOF-based reporter that enhances signal intensity, achieves femtomolar detection, and enables chemical shift-encoded MRI in rat lungs.

Using data from six population-scale cohorts involving more than 10 million individuals, a large language model-based aging signature is shown to outperform traditional aging biomarker indices and signatures in predicting multiple health outcomes, at general and organ-specific levels.