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How insects maintain precise vision during rapid motion remains unclear. Here, the authors show that motion-driven photoreceptor dynamics and synaptic high-frequency jumping enable hyperacute, minimal-delay visual encoding.

Boosting mitochondrial metabolism in neurons in central memory circuits by enhancing Ca²⁺ retention in the mitochondrial matrix is shown to improve long-term memory formation in flies and mice.

Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, may offer neuroprotective benefits after stroke, but its effects in large vessel occlusion (LVO) are unknown. Here the authors show, in a phase 2 randomized trial, that semaglutide is safe after endovascular therapy and may improve recovery in patients not receiving intravenous thrombolysis.

The authors use Patch-seq and electron microscopy datasets to relate synaptic connectivity to the transcriptomic cell type of different types of inhibitory neuron.

It is unclear whether the harsh abiotic conditions of drylands hinder biological invasions. This global analysis shows that drylands are vulnerable to non-native plants and are likely to become more so as native plant diversity declines and grazing pressure intensifies.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

Transcriptomic analysis may provide information about the differentiation state and cell of origin of a cancer. Here, the authors assess mRNA signals in 1300 childhood and adult renal tumors and report a fetal origin of childhood tumors and no dedifferentiation of adult tumors.

The genome of influenza is often incomplete in infected cells, but the implications for infection remain unclear. Here, Jacobs et al. show that an average of 3.6 particles is necessary for productive infection and that coinfection supports efficient complementation within a host but not upon transmission to a new host.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Deep X-ray limits are placed on the source of the closest fast radio burst, FRB 20200120E, ruling out an ultraluminous X-ray source or a young extragalactic pulsar embedded in a Crab-like nebula as its origin.

Microscopic colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine. Here the authors use single-cell RNA transcriptomic profiling and tissue localization studies to characterise the colon immune cell populations in MC, showing expansion of CD8 T cells with diverse TCR clonotypes and expression of CD4 T reg cell signatures.

The affected cellular populations during Alzheimer’s disease progression remain understudied. Here the authors use a cohort of 84 donors, quantitative neuropathology and multimodal datasets from the BRAIN Initiative. Their pseudoprogression analysis revealed two disease phases.

Analysis of soundscape data from 139 globally distributed sites reveals that sounds of biological origin exhibit predictable rhythms depending on location and season, whereas sounds of anthropogenic origin are less predictable. Comparisons between paired urban–rural sites show that urban green spaces are noisier and dominated by sounds of technological origin.

While a correlation between epigenetic modifications and mutation rates has been observed, experimental evidence of causality is limited. Here the authors measure the mutation rate in fungal mutants lacking histone modifications and confirm experimentally a causal effect of epigenetic modifications on mutation rates.

By integrating microglial transcriptomics with CSF proteomics, this study reveals protein markers that distinguish early and late Alzheimer’s disease and that have the potential to improve disease tracking and prediction.

The extracellular cues regulating filamentous actin formation in somatic cell nuclei are unclear. Here, the authors show that activated GPCR signalling initiates transient accumulation of nuclear F-actin/formation in nuclear actin filaments, driven by calcium and requiring the nucleator Formin INF2.

Miniature optomechanical disks could be used as ultrafast and ultrasensitive fluidic sensors due to the combination of their high-frequency vibrations, small mass and low dissipation in liquids.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

Chromosome-level genome assemblies of nine tetraploid and two diploid wild Oryza species provide insights into genome evolution within the genus Oryza and the potential for crop improvement and neodomestication.

Somatic mutations accumulate with age; however, the role they have in cardiac aging is unclear. Here Choudhury et al. describe the somatic mutation landscape of human heart muscle cells by single-cell whole-genome sequencing and report mutational signatures indicative of increased oxidative DNA damage and failed repair.

Cortical neurons comprising an output pathway form a specialized population code that enhances the propagation of information to a downstream target, potentially improving the accuracy of decision-making.

Results of an early-phase breast cancer prevention trial demonstrate the potential for breast cancer prevention in premenopausal women with anti-progestin therapy by inducing epithelial–stromal remodelling and suppression of luminal progenitors.

This study reveals how the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus adapts to the lung microenvironment, rich in host metabolites fumarate and itaconate, by using a key enzyme, FumC, to support its metabolic fitness, survival, and persistence.

Population coding, where populations of artificial neurons process information collectively can facilitate robust data processing, but require high circuit overheads. Here, the authors realize this approach with reduced circuit area and power consumption, by utilizing superparamagnetic tunnel junction based neurons.

Analyses of single-cell whole-genome sequencing data show that somatic mutations are increased in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease compared to neurotypical individuals, with a pattern of genomic damage distinct from that of normal ageing.

Circadian rhythms in gut microbiota composition are crucial for metabolic function, yet the extent to which they govern microbial dynamics in comparison to seasonal and lifetime processes remains unknown. This study of gut bacterial dynamics in wild meerkats over a 20-year period finds that diurnal oscillations in bacterial load and composition eclipse seasonal and lifetime dynamics.

The Authors demonstrate imaging of separation and formation of chemical bonds during an elimination reaction by means of intense femtosecond X-rays pulses.

The fast-spinning primary of the Didymos near-earth asteroid binary system was found to have a degraded top shape by the DART (NASA) mission. Here, authors find that these surface features observed in the asteroid are more likely to have been caused by collisional effects than by the YORP effect.

Tsunamis generated by megathrust earthquakes are controlled by regional-scale structural heterogeneity, according to numerical modelling based on the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Studies with patient derived xenografts are hampered by factors such as genetic variability and sample availability. Here, the authors generate a leukemia mouse model by lentiviral transduction of normal human cord blood and show an oncogenic role of HOXB genes.

A soft mesh microelectrode array can seamlessly integrate in developing brains, enabling long-term, stable mapping of how single-neuron activity and population dynamics emerge and evolve during brain development.

A generative AI model, Orion, learns a robust and generalizable pattern of non-small cell lung cancer from cancer-specific circulating non-coding RNAs. Orion enhances the performance of liquid biopsy for early cancer detection and tumor subtyping.

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

IL6 expression in the bone marrow is associated with reduced survival in paediatric AML. Here, the authors used RNA-seq to identify treatment resistance-associated co-occurring inflammatory signalling in leukemic cells.

A study comparing the pattern of single-nucleotide variation between unique and duplicated regions of the human genome shows that mutation rate and interlocus gene conversion are elevated in duplicated regions.

Applying a new, more sensitive single-cell transcriptomics method to diagnosis, remission and progression samples from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia reveals insight into the heterogeneity of cells that resist treatment with targeted therapy, as well as into the dynamics of disease progression and its effects on nontransformed hematopoietic stem cells.

Single cell genome sequencing approaches have identified somatic copy number variants (CNVs) in human neurons, but small sample sizes (<100 neurons) have limited the power to find recurrent patterns such as CNV hotspots in a single individual. Here, the authors develop an approach to map CNVs in 2097 neurons from a neurotypical individual, finding that >10% neurons contain at least one somatic CNV, and enabling deeper investigation of these events.

Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of blood samples from individuals with COVID-19 reveals immune cell and hematopoietic progenitor cell alterations that are differentially associated with disease severity.

Chronic infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to the emergence of viral variants that show reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies in an immunosuppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma.

Fine-mapping of causal variants and integration of epigenetic and chromatin conformation data identify likely target genes for 150 breast cancer risk regions.

It is unclear how far the impact of deforestation can spread. Here the authors analyse freshwater eDNA data along two rivers in the Amazon forest, and find that low levels of deforestation are linked to substantial reductions of fish and mammalian diversity downstream.

The A.27 SARS-CoV-2 lineage spread globally in 2021 but did not become dominant. Here, the authors show that A.27 shares some mutations in the spike gene that are present in variants of concern, but lacks the D614G mutation, indicating independent evolution of immune escape properties.

Physical intuition predicts that DNA should unwind under tension as it is pulled towards a denatured structure, but this is not the case. Pulling of a single DNA molecule first leads to overwinding, which causes it to lengthen, not shorten. These results can be explained by a coupling between stretch and twist, such that the DNA inner radius changes under tension.

Analysis of a large ancient genome dataset shows that genetic risk for multiple sclerosis rose in steppe pastoralists, providing insight into how genetic ancestry from the Neolithic and Bronze Age has shaped modern immune responses.

X-ray observations of two large glitches bracketing a fast radio burst in the active Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 reveal a connection between rapid spin change and radiative behaviours of the magnetar.