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The authors reveal entorhinal cortex dopaminergic and behavioral dysfunction in Alzheimer’s model mice, suggesting the possibility that entorhinal dopamine loss may contribute to aspects of Alzheimer’s disease.

The authors report surprising covariations between subthreshold activity of single V1 neurons and behavior, demonstrating that interactions between external sensory inputs and internal states are implemented by a nonlinear modulatory signal in V1.

High-density single-neuron recordings in patients with epilepsy revealed interictal discharges are generated by structured laminar circuits. These circuits overlapped with cognitive circuits and could predict discharges up to 1 s in advance.

PTCHD1-AS, which encodes a long non-coding RNA, is associated with the aetiology of autism spectrum disorder in humans through striatal molecular and circuit-level dysregulation.

Pagani et al. used cross-species fMRI to reveal two autism subtypes, characterized by lower and higher brain connectivity and linked to synaptic and immune-related pathways, respectively.

Rice is a staple food for many households; however, its cultivation can expose farming families to parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis via freshwater snails. The authors examine how integrating native fish into rice fields can suppress snail hosts, boost yields and improve farmer livelihoods.

Promiscuous interactions underpin natural protein evolution, but ways to harness such promiscuity to design new functions remain underexplored. Now it is shown that mapping this promiscuity with geometric precision in a de novo protein can guide its redesign into a fluorophore binder and an efficient enzyme approaching the diffusion limit.

Rapid methods to identify antigen-specific T cells are essential for developing targeted immunotherapies. Here the authors present a high-throughput MHC class II single-chain trimer platform for the comprehensive profiling of CD4⁺ T cells, enabling the rapid identification and characterization of virus- and tumour-specific T cell receptors (TCR) at single-cell resolution.

Saccadic eye movements during free viewing exhibit patterns that reflect a strategy to increase neural responses by matching motor behavior with the statistics of the natural world and with the processing limitations of sensory systems.

Morphological and stable isotope analysis of Early Triassic lycophyte leaves suggest they were similar to extant Isoetales and thus may have made use of crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis—a trait that may have been advantageous during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction.

Genome-wide association and fine-mapping analyses of type 1 diabetes (T1D) identify multiple genetic risk signals. Furthermore, a machine learning model, T1GRS, improves the prediction of T1D in individuals with complex risk profiles and identifies genetic subgroups.

Microplastics were detected in half of the intestinal tumours sampled, and patients with microplastic-positive tumours showed considerably higher tumour recurrence rates and elevated gastrointestinal symptom severity over 34 months of follow-up.

Murthy and colleagues discussed recent research on the effect of a tucanitib–trastuzumab–capecitabine regimen in patients with HER2⁺ breast cancer and leptomeningeal metastasis.

DNA-sequencing data from primary tumours and paired metastases from participants in the TRACERx lung study and PEACE autopsy programme are used to analyse the metastatic diversity of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and the seeding patterns that underpin it.

Systematic comparisons of different masking approaches for rare variant association tests across 54 traits in UK Biobank highlight strategies for gene-level burden analyses that increase study power and replicability.

Androgen activity in the male embryonic hindbrain prolongs hindbrain differentiation in male individuals and drives sex differences in the incidence and prognosis of posterior fossa type A (PFA) ependymoma, an aggressive childhood brain tumour.

The genomewide meta-analysis of lumbar spinal stenosis LSS identifies 73 previously unreported loci in addition to 15 known loci and highlights spinal degeneration as a key pathogenic mechanism. Overall, the findings expand knowledge of the genetic background of LSS.

In this analysis of biomolecular and archaeological data from a ninth-century BCE mass grave in the Carpathian Basin, Fibiger et al. find evidence for the targeted killing of mostly unrelated women and children, challenging views of prehistoric violence.

Colonic stem cells retain a memory of inflammation following disease resolution and there is a mechanistic link between chronic inflammation and malignancy, suggesting potential strategies to mitigate cancer risk in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions.

The identification of cellular targets for natural products that potently inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines implicates oxysterol-binding proteins in the growth of cancer cells. These natural products, termed ORPphilins, also affect sphingomyelin biosynthesis.

There is a need for an easy-to-use clinical tool, that could predict favorable early PSA response and subsequently enhance early risk stratification, as well as guide treatment planning. Here, the authors show that based on patient data from four phase III randomized trials, Nadir androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (APRI)- Derived Integrative Response (NADIR) model predicts favorable early PSA response to ≤0.2 ng/mL by 6 months in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) patients initiating treatment with an APRI.

Baird et al. present the phase 2 PIONEER trial findings on the antitumor activity of combining aromatase inhibitor letrozole with megestrol in postmenopausal women with operable estrogen-receptor-positive human epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative breast cancer.

Harvestmen — Opiliones — are an ancient and diverse arachnid group with a limited fossil record. Here, X-ray micro-tomography of fossils reveals two new Carboniferous harvestmen species, allowing a phylogenetic analysis of these Palaeozoic Opiliones, demonstrating similarities between the fossils and extant groups.

Over five years, implementation of the NHS England Lung Cancer Screening Programme achieved high early-stage detection rates and demonstrated that the programme is both feasible and scalable for reaching high-risk and underserved populations.

About 1.3 million total joint implants are placed annually, and around 80,000 patients develop implant failure due to periimplant fibrosis. Here, the authors show that inhibition of GREM1 in LEPR⁺ cells reduces peri-implant fibrosis and enhances per-implant osteogenesis, therefore represent a promising strategy to prevent and treat aseptic loosening.

Decreased brain volumes and increased NfL levels can be observed earlier than disease diagnosis in short-tandem-repeat-associated neurological diseases.

An exploratory, observational analysis involving 2.5 million food logs from over 20,000 adults across 2 weeks highlights both consistent and divergent patterns in food habits that may, in turn, influence human health.

The high-plasticity cell state (HPCS) is a critical hub that enables reciprocal transitions between cancer cell states, and targeting the HPCS may suppress cancer progression and eradicate treatment resistance.

Merlin, a vision–language foundation model trained on a large dataset of paired CT scans, patient record data and radiology reports, demonstrates strong performance across model architectures, diagnostic and prognostic tasks, and external sites.

Breugnathair elgolensis gen. et sp. nov., an early squamate identified from a newly discovered Middle Jurassic skeleton on the Isle of Skye, provides new evidence on the origins of snakes.

Stem cell therapy for retinal degeneration shows promise but waning efficacy. Here, authors show that grafted hNPCs remodel in the degenerating retina, with reduced graft-host communication and trophic signaling, highlighting the importance of the host environment for long term efficacy.

Early high-resolution images of two 2021 novae reveal eruptions unfolding in multiple stages with colliding outflows that produce shocks and gamma rays, reshaping our understanding of stellar explosions.

A deep-learning method predicts T cell receptor specificity and disease-associated antigens.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

tRNA deacylases have evolved as resistance genes towards natural products that contain non-canonical amino acids by preventing their mistranslation. Now a strategy has been developed that leverages tRNA deacylases as class-agnostic genomic markers for amino acid-based biosynthetic gene clusters, identifying thousands of cryptic clusters and enabling the discovery of amino acid-based natural products.

Conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1) can boost the precursor exhausted T cell population thought to be essential for efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy. Here the authors enhance this cellular network using Flt3L to expand cDC1s and then map the movement of T cells and DCs between tumors and lymph nodes.

Insights into the mechanism by which phosphatidylserine functions as a non-classical inhibitory molecule during T cell exhaustion, and how phosphatidylserine-targeting antibodies enhance T cell responses are explored.

A Review of de novo protein design highlights key methodological advances and achievements, current challenges and future applications.

Here, the authors reveal that the mitotic motor KIF11 functions in postmitotic neurons as a microtubule-dynamics rheostat to regulate dendritic arborization. Additionally, they show how MCLID mutations impair KIF11 oligomerization, ATP hydrolysis, neuronal structure, and communication.

In a phase 1b/2 trial, an off-the-shelf vaccine using gorilla adenoviral and modified vaccinia Ankara vectors with over 200 mutated peptides known to be present in persons with mismatch-repair-deficient tumors is safe and elicits neoantigen-specific T cells in individuals with Lynch syndrome.

How ribosome-bound NAC distinguishes mitochondrial precursors from ER clients has remained unclear. Here, authors reveal a molecular switch in NAC that limits SRP access to nascent mitochondrial precursors and prevents their mistargeting to the ER.

The rate of axon ensheathment varies within individual myelinating processes, resulting in chains of myelin sheaths connected by bridges consisting of thin cytoplasmic processes that provide flexibility for myelination of highly branched axons.

Borneol has repelled mosquitoes for millennia, but how it worked was unknown. Here, the authors show the sensory pathway mosquitoes use to detect and avoid this ancient plant compound, opening the door to improved natural repellents.

This multidisciplinary response to investigate the large outbreak of unknown febrile illness in the Panzi Health Zone in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in late 2024 suggests that the outbreak was largely associated with malarial cases and concurrent viral respiratory infections.

Detailed micro-computed tomography analysis of the skull of Lethiscus stocki places it much earlier in the tetrapod lineage that was previously thought, showing that early tetrapods were more morphologically diverse than has been believed.

Acute pancreatitis is a serious inflammatory disease, which is more severe in diabetic mice. Here the authors use mice lacking pancreatic acinar cell insulin receptors to show that this may be because insulin preserves glycolytic energy supply in acinar cell during pancreatitis, which prevents cytotoxic calcium overload and cell death.

Baracchini et al. reveal that temporal variability in fMRI brain signals encodes biologically meaningful information across spatial and temporal scales, highlighting its role in healthy brain function and systems-level organization.

Donahue et al. show that ageing is associated with changes in ER morphology. ER-phagy drives age-associated ER remodelling through tissue-specific factors.