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NeAT is a computational framework that facilitates incorporating adaptive optics into custom or commercial two-photon microscopes. This allows correcting aberrations and conjugation errors in real time in the mouse brain during morphological or functional imaging.

Johanns and colleagues report the results (including safety, efficacy and immunogenicity) of a phase 1 clinical trial of a DNA-based personalized therapeutic cancer vaccine administered following surgical resection and radiation in patients with MGMT unmethylated glioblastoma.

The genetically encoded voltage indicators JEDI3sub and JEDI3hyp enhance monitoring of subthreshold neuronal activity in the awake mouse brain using a variety of two-photon microscopy techniques.

Researchers designed two-component proteins forming quasisymmetric cages via geometric frustration, enabling tunable virus-like assemblies for cargo delivery, cellular uptake and studying intracellular diffusion and protein localization.

A large-scale study on the replicability of claims from social and behavioural science journals reports that about half of the results replicate in the same patterns as the original study.

An Earth system model estimates that natural halogens, of marine biotic and abiotic origin, remove about 13% of present-day global tropospheric O₃. Projections suggest this ratio is stable through 2100, with high spatial heterogeneity, despite increasing natural halogens.

Systematic comparisons of different masking approaches for rare variant association tests across 54 traits in UK Biobank highlight strategies for gene-level burden analyses that increase study power and replicability.

Multimodal machine learning reveals that tumour microenvironments can be decomposed into spatially organized multicellular ecosystems, termed spatial ecotypes, that can be accessed non-invasively via liquid biopsy and used to profile individual cancers and target treatments.

It is shown that an a.c. field exponentially extends the lifetime of a prethermal time crystal realized with nuclear spins in diamond, enabling a narrowband detection of magnetic fields.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Robustness checks and reproduction of analyses with existing and updated data based on 110 articles in economics and political science journals with data and code-sharing requirements found high levels of robustness and reproducibility and determined that robustness was not dependent on author characteristics or data availability.

In this work, the authors demonstrate that engineered ‘spaceplates’-devices that replace physical space in optical systems-can achieve free space compression up to 176 × their thickness.

Here, the authors report the characterization of stable few-layer PdSe₂ transistors encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride, showing field effect mobilities up to 700 cm²/Vs at room temperature and signatures of an 8-fold spin-valley degeneracy of the magnetotransport quantum oscillations at cryogenic temperatures.

Recent data has observed sequential, rather than persistent, neural activity during evidence accumulation for decision-making. Here, the authors develop models that accumulate evidence through sequences and relate model predictions to neural recordings in different brain regions.

Comparing line-by-line transfer simulations using the radiation code GRTcode with regressions against satellite-observed ongoing longwave radiation shows that instantaneous longwave radiative forcing from well-mixed greenhouse gases has increased by 3.69 ± 0.07 W m⁻² since 1850.

Physical networks can learn to accomplish tasks on the fly by adjusting their internal parameters. Now it is shown that such physical learning can be achieved in metamaterials that can learn to change shape.

Most active particles studied to date lack the ability to undergo controlled shape transformations and control over their propulsion in response to environmental stimuli. Here, the authors present a class of active particles made from stimuli-responsive materials that exhibit fully reversible shape-dependent propulsion.

The excitatory neuron diversity and specialized connectivity of complex, multilayered mammalian neocortex are driven by mammalian-specific cis-regulatory elements bound by ZBTB18, deletion of which disrupts gene expression and results in projection patterns resembling those of non-mammalian brains.

Massively parallel reporter assays across five cell types identify thousands of causal, noncoding regulatory variants among 220,000 loci, revealing diverse regulatory mechanisms shaping complex traits and disease.

A sample of X-ray-weak active galactic nuclei at high redshift may be accreting above the Eddington limit. This could explain their large masses without the need for heavy supermassive black hole seeds at cosmic dawn.

The contribution of ether lipid species in cancer cell fate has not been fully understood yet. Here the authors show that malignant cancer cells employ ether lipids to modulate membrane biophysical properties, enhancing iron endocytosis and ferroptosis susceptibility.

BARCODE is an open-access software that automates high throughput screening of microscopy video data to produce a unique fingerprint or ‘barcode’ of performance metrics that enables optimization and accelerates discovery of soft, active materials.

Dune fields often show abrupt changes in morphology over short distances, but the mechanism driving the changes has been unclear. Physical modelling and airborne altimetry from White Sands, New Mexico, show that the development of an internal boundary layer is linked to the vegetation and hydrologic patterns observed there.

A combination of isotopic labelling, gene silencing, single-nucleus RNA sequencing and comparative transcriptomics reveal the genes that mediate the biosynthesis of cinchona alkaloids in plants.

An analysis of millions of scientific papers and patents reveals a ‘pivot penalty’ when researchers shift direction, with the impact of studies decreasing rapidly the further they move from their previous work.

A multi-institute, multi-platform initiative generates standard metrics and best practices for spatial transcriptomics analysis.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Despite exhibiting ferroelectric features, SrTiO₃ fails to display long-range polar order at low temperatures due to quantum fluctuations. An ultrafast X-ray diffraction experiment now probes polar dynamics of this material at the nanometre scale.

Spintronics, graphene, and carbon nanotubes are potential components of next-generation high performance computers. Here, the authors propose and theoretically evaluate a spintronic logic family composed solely of carbon materials with the potential for a 100 × improvement in energy efficiency.

The coherent storage and retrieval of a four-wave-mixing normal mode in a hot atomic rubidium vapour may prove to be useful for future information processing schemes.

Divergent white matter metabolic patterns reveal a mechanistic basis for cognitive resilience and enhance prediction of future cognitive decline beyond established aging and dementia biomarkers.

This study shows that long-term climate change systematically alters small-scale wind variability and its vertical velocity, influencing cloud microphysics and the Earth’s radiative balance.

Single Droplet Displacement IR Action Spectroscopy is a new technique to obtain IR spectra of substrate-free single droplets held in an electrodynamic balance by mapping the droplet’s IR-induced displacement as a function of IR frequency.

Post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA translation was explored using Ribo-STAMP and single-cell RNA sequencing to reveal cell-type-specific and isoform-specific translation patterns across hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal cell types, highlighting functional differences between CA1 and CA3.

The deep learning model STARLING can generate accurate ensembles of intrinsically disordered regions of proteins using only protein sequence as input.

How the brain maintains object representations during grasping, when complex sensory input rapidly changes, remains poorly understood. Here the authors show that object-identity signals shift and strengthen across sensorimotor cortex as reaching transitions to grasping.

Achieving high resolution with optical neural interfaces is challenging. Here, the authors developed and chronically implanted 100-pixel microLED arrays on the surface of the mouse auditory cortex for optogenetic behavioural experiements.

Different agricultural management systems, for example, conventional versus organic, can have different benefits and challenges. Authors here examine the biodiversity, crop yield and ecosystem multifunctionality impacts of transitioning from conventional to organic agriculture across 179 global croplands.

Mucociliary clearance is crucial for airway defense but its structure-function relationships in humans are not fully understood. Here, the authors show how airway epithelial structure impacts clearance by mapping cilia distribution, comparing human and rat airways, and developing quantitative models to assess function.

Li, Cui, Yang, Lu, Jiang, Zhang and colleagues identify a lactate transport mechanism from tumour-associated macrophages that regulates DNA repair and immune cell infiltration, which could be targeted to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in glioblastoma models.

A monolithically integrated photonic ski-jump enables scalable, diffraction-limited 2D beam scanning from photonic chips, achieving ultrahigh spot rates, compact footprints and applications spanning displays, sensing and quantum photonics.

Nonreciprocal transport is sensitive to the broken inversion symmetry of the electronic state. Here, the authors demonstrate a spontaneous voltage signal which they suggest is time-reversal-even and arises from a ratchet-type electronic potential.

A strategy harnessing tissue-resident memory T cells to concentrate circulating immune cells enables non-invasive sampling of antigen-specific lymphocytes, providing a window into local and systemic immune responses in mice and humans.

The development of materials exhibiting efficient and controllable circularly polarized room-temperature phosphorescence remains challenging, primarily due to inefficient chirality transfer and the limited ability to regulate chiral environments. Here, the authors address this challenge by constructing homopolypeptide vesicles bearing achiral phosphorescent terminals and embedding them within a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix.

Plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials can augment the performance of photovoltaic and thermophotovoltaic cells by enhancing their absorption properties. Aydinet al. demonstrate a broadband, ultrathin plasmonic super absorber using crossed trapezoids as part of a metal–insulator–metal stack.

Low-smoke fuels used for residential heating emit greater numbers of hazardous ultrafine particles, and therefore contribute more to particle deposition in the lungs, than other fuel combinations, highlighting the need to revise air quality standards to address these health risks.

High-resolution STM/STS visualizes the fractionalization of flat moiré bands into discrete Hofstadter subbands in moiré graphene near the predicted second magic angle, and experimentally establishes several fundamental properties of the fractal Hofstadter energy spectrum.

Atmospheric reanalyses combined with ocean observations and model simulations show that the extreme 2023 North Atlantic heatwave was primarily driven by anomalously weak winds leading to strongly shoaling mixed layers, with a smaller contribution from clearer skies.