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Here the authors report that some aspects of clinical heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes vary across populations. Using a deep-learning–based tree model built from over 32,000 patients, they document disease patterns and risks specific for the Chinese population, potentially enabling more precise prediction and personalized care.

The existing ENCODE registry of candidate human and mouse cis-regulatory elements is expanded with the addition of new ENCODE data, integrating new functional data as well as new cell and tissue types.

Liu et al. report Chinese normative lifespan brain charts showing later neurodevelopmental milestones than those detected in Western cohorts. Individual deviations from these norms are valuable in assessing clinical risk and outcomes.

The authors developed an LXR inverse agonist, TLC-2716, and show it is effective in reducing triglycerides and cholesterol in dysmetabolic preclinical models. Additionally, a phase 1 trial in healthy participants shows that TLC-2716 is well tolerated and reduces plasma triglycerides and postprandial remnant cholesterol, highlighting its potential for managing cardiovascular risk.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

The long-term efficacy of biochar as a means of increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) remains underexplored. Research now shows that 8.5 years after biochar was added to a subtropical soil the formation of microaggregates stabilized and increased SOC.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

A decadal-scale field trial revealed 1.01 Mg of rhizodeposit and necromass C was stored in soil microaggregate and mineral fractions per Mg biochar-C applied. Microspectroscopic analyses visualize mechanisms for this elevated soil C storage ceiling.

In this work, Beyer and colleagues have utilized display screening technologies to comprehensively chart RAS proteins “druggability” and in doing so unravel a targetable ligand-induced pocket in RAS opening unprecedented anti-RAS targeted opportunities.

The identification of distinct pyrite-marcasite rosettes in the Doushantuo Formation, South China using microscopy and stable isotope analysis, suggests frequent oxygenation events on the early Ediacaran continental shelves during the emergence of complex life.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

Cofilin-1 regulates cytoskeletal dynamics, but its role in mitochondria is less clear. Here, the authors demonstrate that N-terminal SUMOylation directs cofilin-1 to mitochondria, where it triggers mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant apoptotic pathways.

Termites, the largest lineage of non-hymenopteran social insects, are important decomposers of plant organic matter in the tropics. Here, the authors sequence the genomes of 45 termites and two cockroach outgroups and investigate the influence of diet on the evolution of termite genomes.

The authors summarize the data produced by phase III of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project, a resource for better understanding of the human and mouse genomes.

Sequencing analyses of human prefrontal cortex from donors ranging in age from 0.4 to 104 years show that ageing correlates with an accumulation of somatic mutations in short housekeeping genes and a reduction in the expression of these genes.

A large-scale mouse study reveals that while existing epigenomic data detect many developmental enhancers, a substantial fraction is missed - highlighting the need for expanded resources to fully annotate enhancers genome-wide.

Cytochrome c oxidase is a fundamental enzyme of life and its mechanism is not fully understood yet. Here, the authors present four cryo-EM structures of different intermediate states, which suggest an alternative cytochrome c oxidase reaction cycle.

The authors develop a molecular dopant to avoid the dimerization of the electron-selective material phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester, resulting in enhanced stability and efficiency in inverted perovskite solar cells.

A single umbilical cord blood unit of CD34⁺ HSPCs produces a high number of CD19 CAR-iNK cells using a modified cell culture method.

Silent nociceptors remained enigmatic ever since they were first described decades ago. Here, Nees. et al. show that inflammation-induced upregulation of TMEM100 unsilences silent nociceptors, which triggers secondary mechanical pain hypersensitivity.

METTL14 recognizes the trimethyl mark on lysine 36 of histone H3 that directs m⁶A modifications co-transcriptionally.

G2E3-catalysed H3K14 mono-ubiquitination is crucial for SUV39H compartmentalization and H3K9 trimethylation in pericentromeric heterochromatin, which is essential for proper euchromatin organization and transcriptional regulation in mammalian cells.

Inspired by class II aldolases found in nature, the authors report a biomimetic copper/squaramide cooperative catalysis strategy for asymmetric Mannich reactions between challenging acyclic ketimines and α-substituted β-keto esters.

This multi-omic longitudinal analysis of the healthy human peripheral immune system constructs the Human Immune Health Atlas and assembles data on immune cell composition and state changes with age, including responses to cytomegalovirus infection and influenza vaccination.

Lowering the levels of coagulation factor XII may prevent thrombosis without increasing the risk of bleeding. Here, Haj et al. use a large human dataset to show that this is the case for people carrying mutations that lower the levels of factor XII.

The Doushantuo biota of China is incredibly important for understanding the evolution of complex animals. Willman et al. report on evidence of Doushantuo-like biota from the Ediacaran of North Greenland, indicating that these important organisms were distributed across multiple palaeocontinents.

The study and application of the conductive surface states of topological insulators are often restricted by the presence of bulk conduction states. Here, Xu et al. present evidence for such topological surface states with true bulk insulation in the strongly correlated Kondo insulator SmB₆.

Studies with patient derived xenografts are hampered by factors such as genetic variability and sample availability. Here, the authors generate a leukemia mouse model by lentiviral transduction of normal human cord blood and show an oncogenic role of HOXB genes.

Clinically significant genetic variation in Asian populations is under-characterized. Here, the authors show the diversity in prevalence and spectrum of human disease and pharmacogenetic variants in a multi-ethnic Asian population.

As presented at the ESMO Congress 2025: Results of the phase 2/3 AGITG DYNAMIC-III trial show that de-escalated chemotherapy based on ctDNA-negative status in patients with stage III colon cancer did not meet non-inferiority for 3-year recurrence-free survival when compared to standard of care, although it enables better informed treatment decisions.

Timely identification and treatment of cerebral lesions in high-risk neonates are crucial. Here, the authors present a deep learning system that extracts multiple standard views from neonatal cranial ultrasound videos and diagnoses severe cerebral lesions with high accuracy, outperforming junior radiologists.

This study shows how auditory cortex activation and cognitive function develop during a six-month follow-up after gene therapy in children with congenital deafness.

Integrative analysis in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma uncovers that biallelic mutations on TMEM30A are associated with a favorable outcome and enhanced sensitivity to CD47 blockade.

Huang et al. identify IGF2BPs as an additional class of N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) reader proteins. They find that IGF2BPs selectively bind to m⁶A-containing mRNAs and promote their stability.

Serine metabolism is essential for leukemogenesis and stemness in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here the authors show that targeting IGF2BP3 disrupts the serine synthesis pathway in AML cells in an RNA N⁶-Methyladenosine modification dependent manner, sensitizing AML cells to serine and glycine deprivation.

While catalytic reduction of quinolines has gained interest as a way to provide direct and efficient access to tetrahydroquinolines or 1,2-dihydroquinolines, the catalytic synthesis of 1,2-dihydroquinolines remains underdeveloped. Here, the authors demonstrate a catalytic 1,2-reduction of quinolines using a dinuclear aluminum complex.

Early detection could improve prognosis for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, major causes of maternal/fetal morbidity and mortality. Here they show that Leptin and Pappalysin2 cell free RNAs are elevated in maternal plasma in cases of PE + FGR.

Myelination is often compromised in ATR-X intellectual disability syndrome patients. Here, the authors show that the causative gene, ATRX, can regulate myelination in mice by modulating systemic thyroxine levels and by supporting oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation.

Although SARS-CoV2 epitope characterization has been the focus of extensive research, these efforts have largely focused on the spike protein. Here, the authors demonstrate that CD8⁺ T cell responses can be directed against a dominant nucleocapsid epitope and rely on a highly focused T cell receptor repertoire.