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Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Mapping of the neutrophil compartment using single-cell transcriptional data from multiple physiological and patological states reveals its organizational architecture and how cell state dynamics and trajectories vary during health, inflammation and cancer.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

A soft robotic probe enables continuous in utero monitoring of fetal physiological parameters, including heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, temperature and electrocardiogram data, during open or fetoscopic surgery to provide real-time information on fetal condition and distress.

Somatic mutations accumulate with age and have been linked to functional decline and disease. Single-cell analysis of human cartilage samples from donors with and without osteoarthritis shows that somatic mutations accumulate with age, but, in osteoarthritis, they show distinct mutational patterns and slower accumulation, possibly due to DNA-damage-induced chondrocyte death.

A 15-year prospective cohort study found that during times of social unrest in Hong Kong, people experienced more conflicts with family and friends and this coincided with the use of social media—these factors were also associated with higher levels of depression.

DeepRETStroke is a deep learning system using retinal photographs to detect silent brain infarction and predict future stroke events.

Trained and validated on multimodal data from 14.5 million images from multicountry datasets, a foundation model is shown to increase diagnostic and referral accuracy of clinicians when used as an assistant in a trial involving 16 ophthalmologists and 668 patients.

Memory T cells are particularly reliant on fatty acid oxidation as a source of energy. Here the authors show this reliance is controlled by AMPK sensing of glucose deprivation that triggers SENP1-Sirt3 signalling, driving fatty acid oxidation and memory differentiation in T cells via deacetylation of YME1L1 to induce mitochondrial fusion.

Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem functioning across diverse environments. This study shows that soil properties and specific microbial taxa jointly shape ecosystem functioning across European soils.

A South China Sea expedition in 2021 identified a 3.5-km-deep site close to the Equator for a next-generation neutrino telescope: TRIDENT. A large array of advanced detectors will be arrayed on the seabed to probe fundamental physics and explore the extreme Universe.

Wastewater-based surveillance tends to focus on specific pathogens. Here, the authors mapped the wastewater virome from 62 cities worldwide to identify over 2,500 viruses, revealing city-specific virome fingerprints and showing that wastewater metagenomics enables early detection of emerging viruses.

Sharma, Jiao and colleagues report glycosylation of small RNAs within exosomes and propose a glycosylation-dependent mechanism for RNA targeting into exosomes, which may influence intercellular communication and RNA stability in the extracellular environment.

A deep-learning-based multimodal alignment and prediction model predicts HER2 status using pretreatment multimodal breast cancer data, surpassing needle biopsy accuracy.

Despite the ease of fine-tuning their reactivity, high-performance homogeneous photocatalysts competent for acetylene semihydrogenation are scarce. Here the authors introduce an effective cobalt catalyst for the production of polymer-grade ethylene, which is amenable to scale-up in a continuous-flow photoreactor.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Here, the authors show a causal role for gut bacteria-derived metabolites tryptamine and phenethylamine in contributing to insulin resistance and the development of metabolic syndrome in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterised with high heterogeneity and unfavourable prognosis. Here, the authors perform single cell transcriptomics to investigate the tumour microenvironment features of HNSCC initiation, progression, lymph node metastasis and recurrence.

Developing porous crystalline materials with tailored properties is challenging because of the vast design space and the high cost of screening. Now, highly fluorescent covalent organic frameworks have been identified through an AI-assisted iterative experiment–learning cycle workflow that integrates electronic configuration and quantum-level insights into the learning process.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

A deep learning algorithm shows promising performance in predicting progression to diabetic retinopathy in patients, up to 5 years in advance, potentially providing support for medical treatment decisions and indications for personalized screening frequency in a real-world cohort.

Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as powerful tools in healthcare, with a growing role in global health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This Perspective examines the current progress, challenges and prospects of LLMs in addressing health system disparities and supporting achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Tailored to provide diabetes management recommendations from large training and validation datasets, an artificial intelligence system integrating language and computer vision capabilities is shown to improve self-management of patients in a prospective implementation study.

This work presents a fully implantable wireless optogenetic device that delivers spatiotemporally patterned cortical stimulation through the skull and generates artificial perception in mice.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

The semileptonic decay channels of the Λc baryon can give important insights into weak interaction, but decay into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino has not been reported so far, due to difficulties in the final products’ identification. Here, the BESIII Collaboration reports its observation in e+e- collision data, exploiting machine-learning-based identification techniques.

Altered nasal microbiome and increased abundance of the commensal bacterium Streptococcus salivarius are characteristic of allergic rhinitis and contribute to its development in vitro and in vivo.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Psoriasis is accompanied by NF-κB activation and hyperplasia. Here the authors show that NF-κB transcriptionally activates miR-31, which downregulates a negative cell cycle regulator protein phosphatase 6, and that this is critical for NF-κB to drive keratinocyte hyperproliferation.

The formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is promising for boosting cancer immunotherapy, but it is challenging to develop potential inducers for TLS formation. Here, the authors report a covalent organic framework (COF) that is able to trigger TLS formation.

There’s an emerging body of evidence to show how biological sex impacts cancer incidence, treatment and underlying biology. Here, using a large pan-cancer dataset, the authors further highlight how sex differences shape the cancer genome.

Investigating the inner structure of baryons is important to further our understanding of the strong interaction. Here, the BESIII Collaboration extracts the absolute value of the ratio of the electric to magnetic form factors and its relative phase for e + e − → J/ψ → ΛΣ decays, enhancing the signal thanks to the vacuum polarisation effect at the J/ψ peak.

Analysis of cancer genome sequencing data has enabled the discovery of driver mutations. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium the authors present DriverPower, a software package that identifies coding and non-coding driver mutations within cancer whole genomes via consideration of mutational burden and functional impact evidence.

Some cancer patients first present with metastases where the location of the primary is unidentified; these are difficult to treat. In this study, using machine learning, the authors develop a method to determine the tissue of origin of a cancer based on whole sequencing data.

The use of an allosteric drug-design method resulted in the identification of a first-in-class cellularly active SIRT6 activator that induces cell-cycle arrest in the G₀–G₁ phase, thus suppressing proliferation in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Developing high-current-density catalysts is key to efficient water splitting. Here, the authors report a single-atom Ru-doped amorphous Ni–Mo oxide that dynamically self-reconstructs to retain high activity at industrial current densities in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important modulators of the tumor microenvironment. Here the authors perform transcriptome profiling of immune cells from patients with renal clear cell carcinoma to find a Treg signature that correlates with poorer prognosis, with CD177 being implicated as the main mediator for related alterations in Treg activity and tumor outcome.

Complete sequences of chromosomes telomere-to-telomere from chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, Bornean orangutan, Sumatran orangutan and siamang provide a comprehensive and valuable resource for future evolutionary comparisons.

Wang et al. show that glucose deprivation causes AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of fumarase leading to ATF2 binding and gene transcription for cell cycle arrest. In cancer cells O-GlcNAcylation of fumarase blocks ATF2 binding to allow proliferation.

Strontium ruthenate is an odd-parity superconductor that could support Majorana fermions. Ying et al. report that the critical temperature doubles near lattice dislocations in this material compared with its bulk, arising from effects that could be found in other unconventional superconductors.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

Electrified thermal energy storage converts electricity into heat for thermal energy use. This Review assesses available and emerging technologies, identifying research needs for scalable, long-duration and efficient deployment.

Using spin-entangled baryon–antibaryon pairs, the BESIII Collaboration reports on high-precision measurements of potential charge conjugation and parity (CP)-symmetry-violating effects in hadrons.

The role of dairy products in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention is debated. Here, the authors show that dairy consumption is associated with a lower risk of CVD and stroke, with cheese linked to reduced CVD risk, though the effects vary between Chinese and UK populations.

The stabilization of perovskites in both solution and solid phases is critical to the fabrication of solution-processed perovskite solar cells. Here, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylhydrazine is introduced to enhance storage stability, achieving consistent high efficiency of 26.0% in stable devices.

Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is shown to promote colorectal cancer cell migration by activating the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Asef. Structure-based design resulted in the development of peptidomimetic inhibitors that disrupted APC–Asef interactions.

A design principle based on the curvature parameter provides important guidance for the design of capacitive deionization electrodes.