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A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

Polygenic risk scores can help identify individuals at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Here, the authors characterise a multi-ancestry score across nearly 900,000 people, showing that its predictive value depends on demographic and clinical context and extends to related traits and complications.

The accrual of soil carbon from absorptive fine roots exceeds that of leaf litter in forests despite lower productivity, according to an analysis of field observations from Northern Hemisphere forest sites.

As opposed to circulating factors that promote energy expenditure, hormones that suppress energy expenditure have remained largely elusive. Here, Wang et al. show that the hepatokine Tsukushi is upregulated in obesity and inhibits sympathetic activity and thermogenesis in fat by promoting whitening.

β-Adrenergic signaling is a core regulator of brown adipocyte function. Here, the authors provide unbiased insight into the transcriptional network controlled by lipolysis in brown adipocytes, showing that lipolysis is required for much of the thermogenic gene program activated by β-adrenergic signals.

Tajima and colleagues identify mitochondrial lipoylation as a post-transcriptional molecular signature of aged brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice. Reduced mitochondrial lipoylation is tightly coupled with the age-associated decline in BAT function, whereas enhanced lipoylation restores BAT activity in aged mice.

Khetarpal et al. show that the metabolic regulator PGC-1α is essential in heart muscle cells for exercise-driven cardiac growth, and that suppression of the stress-induced myokine GDF15 is required to enable cardiomyocyte adaptations to training.

In this Stage 2 Registered Report, Buchanan et al. show evidence confirming the phenomenon of semantic priming across speakers of 19 diverse languages.

A hydrogel matrix fabricated by cryo-photocrosslinking enables the direct, scalable isolation of extracellular vesicles from diverse biofluids without preprocessing, allowing for in-gel preservation for long-term storage and biomedical applications.

Repetitive head impacts from contact sports are associated with brain inflammation, vascular damage and neuron loss that are independent of hyperphosphorylated tau pathology.

Military personnel face increased exposure to pandemic-related stressors, yet their mental health impacts remain underexplored. Here, the authors analyze data from the STARRS Longitudinal Study, revealing significant increases in mental health issues among soldiers during COVID-19, particularly among vulnerable groups, underscoring the need for targeted support during pandemics.

Analysis of samples from the asteroid Ryugu provide evidence of late fluid flow in a carbonaceous asteroid, indicating that such bodies may have retained two to three times more water than previously thought.

The regulatory networks that govern chromatin accessibility and gene expression in brown and beigeadipocytes remain to be fully elucidated. Here the authors use fat-specific inactivation of BAF60a toreveal a differential role for this chromatin remodeling factor in brown fat thermogenesis and coldinduced browning of inguinal fat.

Here, the authors show that MacroD1 is important for mitochondrial integrity and function. Lack of MacroD1 resulted in impaired cellular respiration which was particularly detrimental for cells and organs with high energetic requirements, such as skeletal muscle.

The brown fat-derived neuregulin 4 regulates hepatic lipid homeostasis and whole-body insulin sensitivity

This study reports age-dependent negative correlations between temporal changes in maximal leaf area index and growing season length, indicating contrasting leaf acclimation strategies driving vegetation greening in young versus old deciduous broadleaf forests.

In this Review, the authors present a roadmap towards achieving consensus on development, analysis and interpretation of single-cell transcriptomics data in adipose tissue, including discussion of roadblocks, best practices and ideal cell-type markers for annotation of adipose tissue cell types in mice and humans.

The XRISM Resolve spectrum of the galactic neutron star X-ray binary, GX 13+1, reveals one of the densest winds ever seen in absorption lines.

A mode of bidirectional microglia–neuron crosstalk through Hex–GM2–MGL2 and centred around GM2 ganglioside turnover is essential for homeostatic regulation of central nervous system membrane components.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae bearing engineered alginate and mannitol catabolic pathways can ferment sugars from brown macroalgae to produce ethanol, potentially allowing the use of brown macroalgae as a viable feedstock for the production of biofuels and renewable chemicals.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

We present the first federally funded Tribal data repository — the Data for Indigenous Implementations, Interventions, and Innovations Tribal Data Repository. This repository takes a revolutionary approach to data management by building space for researchers to engage with data from Indigenous groups under rigorous Tribal Nation governance and by prioritizing community data-sharing interests.

A study of human and mouse models of pancreatic cancer finds that inhibiting the lipid kinase PIKfyve interferes with the cancer’s lipid homeostasis, making it a potential target for drug development.

Diet diversity across northern hemisphere ecosystems affects seabird responses to climate change, with breeding productivity declining in the Arctic and North Atlantic but not in the Pacific from 1993 to 2019, based on 138 time series of breeding success and linear mixed effects models.

Body size and composition are complex traits that are challenging to characterize due to environmental and genetic influences. Here, Arehart et al. disentangle shared and distinct genetic signals underlying body size and composition.

Multi-omics datasets pose major challenges to data interpretation and hypothesis generation owing to their high-dimensional molecular profiles. Here, the authors develop ActivePathways method, which uses data fusion techniques for integrative pathway analysis of multi-omics data and candidate gene discovery.

Pathology-oriented multiplexing (PathoPlex) represents a framework for widespread access to multiplexed imaging and computational image analysis of clinical specimens at a relatively high throughput and subcellular resolution.

A giant planet candidate roughly the size of Jupiter but more than 14 times as massive is observed by TESS and other instruments to be transiting the white dwarf star WD 1856+534.

The validation of inhibitors targeting PurF, a novel drug target for tuberculosis drug discovery, is described.

Two high-redshift post-starburst galaxies are in the process of quenching, although their quasars remain active, indicating the complex co-evolution between black hole activity and star formation.

Inhibition of immune cell–derived acetylcholine synthesis or of its signaling via CHRNA2 in beige adipocytes reduces thermogenesis and exacerbates diet-induced obesity, suggesting a new mode of immuno–fat communication in energy metabolism.

Wearable sensors typically require innovative methods of energy harvesting for low-power electronics. Here, the authors present an adaptive power management system with a trimodal energy harvesting approach.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines containing Omicron subvariant XBB 1.5 were introduced in the United States in 2023. Here, the authors assess the safety of these vaccines by analysing the occurrence of 15 adverse events of special interest following vaccine receipt using electronic health record data.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about increased neuropsychiatric conditions in children and youths, with potential links to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, the authors analyze EHR data from 25 institutions, showing that COVID-19 positive children and youths have a modestly increased risk of developing neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and ADHD, compared to those who tested negative.

Using globally consistent measurements and high-resolution modelling, this study finds that black carbon emissions are generally underestimated in the Global South.

A shortage of constitutive brown adipose tissue is shown to result when brown adipogenic progenitor cells lack a type of BMP receptor; however, this leads to an increase in sympathetic input to white adipose tissue and a compensatory browning of white fat depots.

The authors highlight inconsistencies and divergencies in the literature reporting data on indirect calorimetry for studies on whole-body energy homeostasis, and propose harmonization of standards to facilitate data comparison and interpretation across different datasets.

A genome-wide association meta-analysis study of blood lipid levels in roughly 1.6 million individuals demonstrates the gain of power attained when diverse ancestries are included to improve fine-mapping and polygenic score generation, with gains in locus discovery related to sample size.

During chronic but not acute inflammation, chromatin remodelling is influenced by nuclear autophagy through WSTF interaction with ATG8 in the nucleus, leading to WSTF nuclear export and its subsequent degradation.