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2023 CX1 is the only L-chondrite-like asteroid analysed from space to ground. It catastrophically fragmented in the atmosphere, depositing 98% of its energy in one burst—an unusual, high-risk fragmentation mode with implications for planetary defence.

Oligodendrocytes are critical for brain myelination and repair. Here, the authors show that erythropoietin enhances oligodendrocyte lineage progression, promoting myelination through transcriptional regulation.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

A large brain imaging study of over 2000 people worldwide shows that fear conditioning engages brain regions linked to emotion and attention, with differences in individuals with anxiety or depression and strong influences from task design.

A summary of CAR T-cell engineering approaches, including functional screening methods, gene editing and delivery advances, and optimization of metabolic fitness.

The authors report Acheulean hominin occupation of eastern Britain during glacial marine isotope stages 17–16 and again in glacial marine isotope stage 12 via stone tools in sediments dated to 712,000 to 424,000 years ago.

Using well-calibrated statistical methods the authors jointly analyze Undiagnosed Diseases Network genomes, identifying known and novel disease genes. Software is publicly available to support future cross-cohort rare disease discovery efforts.

Analysis of samples from the asteroid Ryugu provide evidence of late fluid flow in a carbonaceous asteroid, indicating that such bodies may have retained two to three times more water than previously thought.

The authors demonstrate deeply subwavelength light confinement in the terahertz spectral range by exploiting the strong light–matter coupling and hyperbolicity of phonon polaritons in hafnium-based dichalcogenides.

The results from a state-of-the-art suite of hydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations show how globular clusters naturally emerge in the Standard Cosmology and also reveal the existence of a new class of object called globular-cluster-like dwarfs.

Current developmental brain atlases are limited in the number of stages they represent. Here authors generate the Developmental Mouse Brain Atlas, a 4D atlas representing every postnatal day from 4 to 56.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

This study shows that changes in ocean gateways near the end of the Mesozoic (~66 Ma) altered global ocean salinity and circulation, reshaping climate patterns through combined reconfigurations in the Arctic and Central American regions.

Here the authors apply machine learning approaches to Alzheimer’s genetics, confirm known associations and suggest novel risk loci. These methods demonstrate predictive power comparable to traditional approaches, while also offering potential new insights beyond standard genetic analyses.

At equilibrium, the ferroelectric polarization is proportional to the strain. At ultrafast timescales, an above-bandgap laser excitation decouples strain and polarization, which, out of equilibrium, is mainly determined by the photoexcited electrons.

HistoPlexer, a deep learning model, generates multiplexed protein expression maps from H&E images, capturing tumour–immune cell interactions. It outperforms baselines, enhances immune subtyping and survival prediction and offers a cost-effective tool for precision oncology.

Modulating deep brain structure can lead to therapies for neurological conditions. Here, the authors show a transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) system featuring a 256-element helmet-shaped transducer array for modulation of the LGN and connected visual cortex regions

Surprisingly consistent replication failure of gray matter correlates of childhood maltreatment raises questions about publication bias in prior literature and about prevailing models linking maltreatment to brain structure in adult populations.

A survey across 90 societies reveals that variation and change in everyday norms are explained by a single value dimension: the priority societies place on individualizing versus binding moral concerns.

The authors identify changes in insect distribution across Great Britain since 1990. The changes appear connected to insect traits, notably with species with multiple generations per year benefiting from increasing temperatures, particularly in the North.

The nature of the dominant pairing mechanism in some two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides is still debated. Here, the authors predict that the Kohn-Luttinger mechanism induces chiral p-wave superconductivity in monolayer NbSe₂.

Here, the authors describe a tubular module connecting oxidoreductases to the membrane. This system, found in many microorganisms, reveals a distinct mode of membrane anchoring and an electron transfer mechanism involved in energy conservation.

Here, the authors describe an N-heterocyclic carbene and chiral phosphoric acid dual-catalytic process for the desymmetrization of 1,3-diols, to achieve macrocyclization and stereoselective control over two chiral elements.

Enfortumab vedotin (EV) is the current standard treatment for advanced bladder cancer, but resistance typically develops within a year, highlighting the need for new therapies. This study demonstrates that NECTIN4-targeting CAR T cells are effective against bladder cancer, including EV-resistant cells, and their potency can be further enhanced by using rosiglitazone to boost NECTIN4 expression.

The authors highlight inconsistencies and divergencies in the literature reporting data on indirect calorimetry for studies on whole-body energy homeostasis, and propose harmonization of standards to facilitate data comparison and interpretation across different datasets.

Friction consolidation transforms brittle Sm–Co powders into dense magnets via shear-driven redox reactions and localized heating, enabling phase-selective refinement and enhanced magnetization in a single-step, low-temperature process.

The alignment of heterogeneous spatial samples has become a growing challenge. Here, authors present a multi-scale, multi-context, and interpretable mapping strategy to map cells across space, time, and disease.

In mammals, the enzyme TGDS produces UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose, which binds to the catalytic pocket of UDP-xylose synthase, thereby regenerating the essential NAD⁺ cofactor of UDP-xylose synthase in conditions of low NAD⁺.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra has named a new dragonfly after David Attenborough to mark the broadcaster's 90th birthday — and to honour the importance of knowing the natural world.

This Analysis illustrates how nature-positive targets aimed at protecting biodiversity can be achieved at the scale of organizations. A canteen at one UK university college is used as a case study for the application of a four-step participatory approach comprising an estimation of food-related biodiversity impacts; definition of biodiversity targets; assessment of possible interventions; and exploration of different strategies.

In situ experimental findings from six contrasting oceanic regimes, at multiple mesopelagic depths, are used to determine the mechanisms that drive microbially mediated carbon flux attenuation in the oceanic biological pump.

In a phase 3 trial for Huntington’s disease, pridopidine did not meet its primary endpoints but was safe and favored in some prespecified subgroup analyses.

Zaman, Yang and Huang et al. demonstrate MDK’s suppressive effect on amyloid-β and its impact on amyloid burden and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease mice, highlighting its protective role in pathogenesis.

Sex differences are well established in the prevalence and symptoms of depression. Here, the authors identify a novel X chromosome variant, greater genetic risk, and stronger links to metabolic traits in females, highlighting the importance of sex-aware approaches.

Many protein–protein interactions depend on Short Linear Motifs (SLiMs). In this study, the authors use large-scale binding assays, deep mutational scanning, and structural analysis to map SLiMs recognised by human cyclins and uncover the rules that determine their specificity and affinity.

Activation of G_s signaling at mitochondria by mitoDREADD-G_s increases mitochondrial metabolism, leading to better memory in mouse models of dementia, directly linking brain mitochondrial deficits to cognitive symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases.

X chromosomes evolve faster than autosomes, but confounding factors make this a difficult phenomenon to study. Utilising the unusual sex determination system of Sciaridae flies, this study finds a slower evolution of the X chromosomes which appears to be driven by strong purifying selection.

In an updated report on 70 laboratory-confirmed highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 cases in the USA between March 2024 and May 2025, the absence of human-to-human transmission to date was confirmed, with no known mutations of resistance to neuroaminidase inhibitors.

Authors measure plasma proteins in a cohort of hospitalised patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected infection, revealing six discrete host response clusters that were driven by pathogen exposure and organ dysfunction, and had distinct clinical characteristics, hospital courses, and responses to treatment.

In Drosophila, coherent slow-wave activity between sleep-promoting and locomotion-promoting neural networks provides a brain state structure that allows for quiescent behaviours.

Patients with unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer without EGFR or ALK mutations typically receive the PACIFIC regimen — concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) followed by consolidation with durvalumab — whereas those with EGFR-mutant disease typically receive cCRT followed by an EGFR inhibitor. Nonetheless, a subset of patients within this heterogeneous group might be able to completely avoid consolidation therapy, whereas others are unable to tolerate cCRT. In this Review, the authors describe the standard-of-care approach in this setting, followed by discussions of treatment optimization for specific subgroups, as well as important future research questions.

This large meta-analysis of 11 GWAS identified 7 genetic loci associated with strabismus, esotropia and exotropia. Mendelian randomisation provided genetic evidence of the causal link between maternal smoking to increased strabismus risk in offspring.

An expert recommendation is presented for the design and evaluation of research studies using transcranial electrical stimulation, resulting in the selection of a 66-point checklist aimed at improving the quality of transcranial electrical stimulation studies.