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The contribution of the extracellular matrix and its degradation to the aging process is not well understood. Here, the authors show that degraded elastin fragments, which increase in the circulation with age, promote aging, while counteracting elastin fragment signals alleviates inflammation, promotes healthy aging and extends lifespan.

Here the authors perform a trans expression quantitative trait locus meta-analysis study of over 3,700 people and link a USP18 variant to expression of 50 inflammation genes and lupus risk, highlighting how genetic regulation of immune responses drives autoimmune disease and informs new therapies.

Arginine addiction induced by argininosuccinate synthase (ASSN1) deficiency has been exploited to treat ASS1-deficient cancers. Here, the authors show an alternative therapeutic approach where ASS1 activity is increased by the pesticide spinosyn A and is shown to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation.

JWST/NIRSpec observations of the 49 Ceti debris disk reveal spatially resolved, fluorescently excited CO emission, indicating a secondary origin of the gas in debris disks (that is, from the collision of volatile-rich bodies).

Astroblastoma (AB) is an uncommon brain tumour and its origin remains unknown. Here, the authors perform integrative molecular analysis of 35 AB-like tumours and provide evidence that these arise in the context of epigenetic and genetic changes in neural progenitors occurring during brain development.

In a large multi-ethnic Asian cohort, associations between over 1,000 plasma metabolites and specific foods and beverages are made. These diet–metabolite relationships were used to accurately predict clinical phenotypes such as diabetes and hypertension.

Trained and validated on multimodal data from 14.5 million images from multicountry datasets, a foundation model is shown to increase diagnostic and referral accuracy of clinicians when used as an assistant in a trial involving 16 ophthalmologists and 668 patients.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

This study introduces a deep active optimization pipeline that effectively tackles high-dimensional, complex problems with limited data. The approach minimizes sample size and surpasses existing methods, achieving optimal solutions in up to 2,000 dimensions.

Here, the authors find that BMAL1, best known for controlling the body clock, partners with TRIM28 in naïve pluripotent stem cells to repress retrotransposons.

Dual cyclin A/B RxL inhibitors selectively kill small cell lung cancer cells and other cancer cells with high E2F activity.

A novel approach combines CRISPR-mediated modifications with robotic automation to transform cross-pollination from labour-intensive handwork into a seamless automated process.

The genetic basis of grapevine thermotolerance remains poorly understood. Here, the authors identify WRKY transcription factor TTC4 as a positive regulator of thermotolerance and reveal its possible upstream repressor SPL13 and downstream target genes HSP18.1 and APX3.

Topsoil nitrogen stocks declined over a ten-year field warming experiment in a permafrost ecosystem due to enhanced plant nitrogen uptake, nitrogen leaching and gaseous losses, suggesting that permafrost soil nitrogen stocks are vulnerable to warming.

The growth of Li dendrites and the accumulation of dead Li significantly undermine the safety and performance of Li metal batteries. Here, authors introduce the concept of “catalytic” effect for dead Li reconversion, leading to a Li plating/stripping efficiency of 99.89%.

Timely identification and treatment of cerebral lesions in high-risk neonates are crucial. Here, the authors present a deep learning system that extracts multiple standard views from neonatal cranial ultrasound videos and diagnoses severe cerebral lesions with high accuracy, outperforming junior radiologists.

Dual-scale chemical ordering in CoNiV-based alloys improves the synergy of strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures, providing an approach for obtaining high-performance metallic materials for cryogenic applications.

Perineural invasion and cancer-induced nerve injury of tumour-associated nerves are associated with poor response to anti-PD-1 therapy, which can be reversed by combining anti-PD-1 therapy with anti-inflammatory interventions.

Superlattices, with a length scale and structure that differs from the parent lattice of the host material, are well-known to allow for remarkable new electronic and magnetic properties. Here, Xie et al. synthesize Cr_1/4TaS₂, and find that it exhibits an unusual anomalous Hall effect below the Néel temperature even in stoichiometric high-quality crystals.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

This Review discusses multiomic approaches for the characterization and biological understanding of cellular senescence, including detailed case studies on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue that highlight current outstanding issues in the field.

Primary angle-closure glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. Here, the authors identify rare deleterious variants in UBOX5 as risk factors and implicate BIP ubiquitination as a potential disease mechanism.

Global aging emphasizes the exploration of frailty and depression in relation to incident CVD in middle-aged and older adults. Here, the authors show that frailty is associated with increased CVD risk, partially through depression, with the association influenced by frailty transitions and stronger in males, the elderly, and those with unhealthy lifestyles.

The lack of invertible and invariant crystal representations hinders the inverse design of crystals. Here the authors develop SLICES, an invertible and invariant representation, empowering property-driven inverse design of crystals using generative AI.

Anthropogenic aerosol and greenhouse gas concentrations are spatially uncorrelated, but the climate response to each shows a similar spatial pattern. Here the authors show that two-thirds of the spatial similarity in the full response manifests through fast-acting atmosphere and land surface processes alone.

An optically addressable fluorescent-protein spin qubit is realized using enhanced yellow fluorescent protein; the qubit can be coherently controlled at liquid-nitrogen temperatures and the spin detected at room temperature in cells.

Global climate models cannot resolve hailstorms explicitly, so it is unclear whether a warmer climate will change hailstorm frequency and intensity. Now a study using high-resolution model simulations capable of resolving hail indicates the near-elimination of hail at the surface in future simulations for Colorado—a major centre of hailstorms in the United States.

Here, the authors show a developmental shift in emotion understanding throughout childhood and early adolescence: while perceptual discrimination of facial cues becomes less influential with age, conceptual knowledge plays an increasingly important role in emotion understanding.

In vivo gene editing hinges on identifying an ideal delivery vehicle from numerous candidates. Here, authors establish the GFP-on mouse model capable of translating successful adenine base editing to a fluorescent readout thus enabling the rapid evaluation of genome editing delivery vehicles.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Septins are the key component of the cytoskeleton. Here, the authors show that Septin5 is assembled in microtubule-plasma membrane contact sites and mediates insulin secretion in pancreatic islet β-cells through cortical microtubule remodeling.

Collagen production by lung cells is critical to maintain organ architecture but can also drive pathological scarring. Here the authors perform single cell RNA sequencing of collagen-producing lung cells identifying a subset of pathologic fibroblasts characterized by Cthrc1 expression which are concentrated within fibroblastic foci in fibrotic lungs and show a pro-fibrotic phenotype.

Lipid particles loaded with RNA coding for tumour-unspecific antigens can enhance early responses of type-I interferons, mediating the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as epitope spreading.

Direct CO₂ conversion into high-value organic products faces significant selectivity challenges. This work presents a FeCo carbide-based tandem catalyst enabling high-efficiency, stable production of C2+ alcohols.

The relative contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to astrocyte heterogeneity is unknown. Using heterotropic transplantation of septal astrocytes with distinct lineage origins, we show that local factors specify their ultimate identities.

Snail is involved in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Here, the authors show that the metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate promotes pancreatic cancer metastasis through protecting Snail from degradation.

Thianthrene, long used in materials science, has recently emerged as a powerful reagent in organic synthesis. Its unique electronic structure enables access to diverse aryl, alkenyl and alkyl thianthrenium salts, which exhibit reactivity beyond conventional (pseudo)halides. This Review highlights the fundamental properties, distinctive reactivity and synthetic applications of these thianthrenium salts.

Machine-learning-augmented single-nucleus transcriptomic analysis compared molecular landscapes of immature neurons in the mammalian hippocampus across species, highlighting human-specific gene expression but convergent biological processes.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.