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Differentiating DCs express ALDH1A2, which produces retinoic acid and suppresses DC activity. Blocking this pathway with a new inhibitor, KyA33, enhances immune responses and boosts the effectiveness of DC cancer vaccines in mouse models.

The array of tissue macrophages characterized is ever-expanding, underscoring the importance of these cells in physiology and pathology. A population of specialized gland-associated macrophages termed adenophages has now been discovered that support efficient saliva secretion along with possible other immunological functions.

New data show that DNGR-1 enables type 1 conventional dendritic cells to sculpt cancer immunoediting through selective cross-presentation of F-actin-tethered neoantigens, enriching tumors for immune-evasive variants.

Previous Zika virus infection results in the production of anti-NS1 IgA antibodies that complex with soluble NS1 from subsequent dengue virus infection to activate neutrophils, which release pro-inflammatory mediators to exacerbate the risk of severe dengue.

Our study shows that people with long COVID have sustained upregulation of chronic inflammatory pathways compared with people who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data provide insight into the pathogenesis of long COVID and define potential new therapeutic targets.

Lymph node-like structures form at the brain border in some individuals with multiple sclerosis, creating compartmentalized inflammation linked to gray matter injury. We reveal how these discrete immune hubs develop, how they can be targeted for therapeutic purposes and how to identify patients who would benefit most from such therapies.

Inflammation-induced oxidative conversion of cysteine to serine in insulin creates a neoepitope that induces diabetogenic CD4⁺ T cells, revealing a mechanism for neoantigen generation that is relevant for autoimmunity, cancer and infectious disease.

Chang and Yu review recent knowledge of how lncRNAs regulate immune cell specification and function.

How inflammation spreads from the skin to the joints in psoriatic disease is unclear. Here, the authors show that joint-resident fibroblasts can control differentiation of infiltrating skin-derived myeloid precursors that can become inflammatory macrophages.

This study reveals that anti-NS1 IgA antibodies in plasma, induced by prior Zika virus infection, activate neutrophils, underlying severe dengue disease upon a subsequent DENV2 infection, uncovering a pathogenic mechanism relevant for vaccines and therapeutics.

Here the authors show DNGR-1 expressed by cDC1s promotes CD8⁺ T cell priming to cytoskeletal neoantigens from dying tumor cells, thereby shaping cancer immune visibility and tumor evolution through immunoediting.

Ramaglia and colleagues show that aberrant formation of B cell-rich lymphoid structures in the brain meninges is associated with high CXCL13:BAFF ratios. Inhibiting the kinase BTK reduces the lymphotoxin signaling needed to sustain such structures, lowers CXCL13:BAFF ratios and reduces cortical tissue injury.

Here the authors show that persistent antigen stimulation drives the generation of CD8⁺ tissue-resident exhausted T cells with distinct developmental origins, function and therapeutic responsiveness when compared to CD8⁺ tissue-resident memory T cells.

Here the authors identify adenophages, a previously unknown macrophage population present in exocrine glands in mice and humans. These cells are dependent on ILC2-derived GM-CSF and support glandular homeostasis.

Here the authors show that tissue-resident memory and exhausted T cells in tumors are distinct populations that are shaped by relative presence or absence of TCR signals, suggesting that a tailored therapeutic strategy is needed to target each subset.