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Different approaches to achieving Target 3 affect distinct and socially diverse populations. These contrasting socioeconomic contexts imply varying challenges and opportunities, underscoring the importance of context-specific, equitable implementation.

Mouse demyelination models are widely used to study myelin loss and repair in the central nervous system. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA sequencing to compare glial responses across mouse models and human multiple sclerosis lesions.

Global analysis of obesity trends from 1980 to 2024 in 200 countries and territories using data from 4,050 population-based studies reveals that framing obesity as a single global epidemic masks the highly varied dynamics across countries and age groups.

This study reports a paralog-selective p300 degrader with potent anti-cancer activity in hematological malignancies, demonstrating a strategy to selectively target transcriptional coactivators through protein degradation.

Autophagic activity has a protective role in Alzheimer’s disease in mice. Here the authors investigate the role of autophagy-initiating protein ULK1 and report that its overexpression stimulates autophagic flux, reduces amyloid and tau pathology and delays cognitive decline.

Functional and structural characterization of PtmA2 reveals that it is an unusual non-adenylating acyl-CoA ligase and part of a system wherein the canonical acyl-CoA ligase reaction is separated into two half-reactions performed by distinct enzymes.

Applying the right to be forgotten to electronic health records that have been used to train artificial intelligence models could compromise model accuracy and fairness. Here, the authors develop a machine unlearning model that aims to remove data whilst preserving algorithmic fairness across subgroups.

The breast cancer intelligent non-invasive diagnosis system (BINDS) integrates multimodal medical imaging data for breast cancer risk assessment and subtype classification, improving diagnostics and reducing the need for biopsies of benign lesions.

AlphaFold’s success in protein structure predictions has led to similar attempts to predict interactomes. Here, the authors demonstrate that AI-based screens are very limited in discovering truly novel interactions compared to experimental screens, exposing open challenges in interaction prediction.

RNA velocity is a widely used method to predict the fate of single cells. Here the authors show that the concept can be adapted to predict the fate of individual human subjects, using RNA velocity of whole blood at a single point in time to predict future clinical outcomes and treatment responses.

Stereotyped dendritic arbors arise from stochastic growth and selective stabilization of dendritic branches. Two pools of guidance receptor are required. Ligand-free receptors drive stochastic growth while ligand-bound receptors stabilize branches.

Measures of hyperglycaemia are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Here the authors report that glycaemic variability is also a driver of cardiac vulnerability in diabetes, integrating population genetics, clinical data and experimental models to show how glucose fluctuations worsen heart injury and cardiovascular risk.

Higher-order interactions are shown to contribute to the decrease in species diversity from low to high latitudes in global forests, potentially explaining why this intricate phenomenon cannot be adequately explained by pairwise interactions alone.

Esophageal motility is difficult to model accurately, hindering studies of dysphagia and achalasia. The authors present a soft‑robotic esophagus that independently replicates muscle actions to simulate both healthy and diseased swallowing.

Related memories are sometimes encoded in overlapping neurons. The authors show that the prefrontal cortex controls this type of memory organization in the hippocampus through direct projections to the medial entorhinal cortex.

The weak contact between the oxide electrode and molecular layer in inverted perovskite solar cells is prone to deformation, limiting long-term device stability. A bulk nano-heterointerface is designed to strengthen the binding force between molecules and spherical silicon oxide nanoparticles, increasing the interfacial contact area and improving the operational stability of perovskite solar cells.

The NeuSMRT platform enables neutrophil-specific CAR expression in vitro and in vivo. These CAR-neutrophils in turn offer robust antitumour effects in humanized and syngeneic mouse models of glioblastoma.

James Webb Space Telescope observations show powerful high-redshift quasar outflows, supporting quasar feedback as a key mechanism driving rapid star-formation quenching in early massive galaxies.

The CMS experiment at CERN reports one of the highest-precision measurements of the W boson mass, finding it in line with standard model predictions and at odds with recent anomalous measurements.

XRISM spectroscopy of the nucleus of the Circinus galaxy indicates elemental abundances suggestive of a dominant enrichment from core-collapse supernovae with progenitors below 20 solar masses; more massive stars may directly collapse into black holes.

The genomewide meta-analysis of lumbar spinal stenosis LSS identifies 73 previously unreported loci in addition to 15 known loci and highlights spinal degeneration as a key pathogenic mechanism. Overall, the findings expand knowledge of the genetic background of LSS.

Functional evolution expands the catalytic repertoire of biosynthetic enzymes. Here, the authors reveal that a tripartite enzyme complex has evolved to catalyze Friedel–Crafts acylation through neofunctionalization of a conserved thiolase architecture.

By studying 23 neurodevelopmental disorder genes across model systems and brain cell types, the authors uncovered shared downstream effects that converge on synaptic biology, epigenetic regulation and mitochondrial function.

ATF6α activation in human and preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma is significantly associated with an aggressive tumour phenotype characterized by reduced survival, glycolytic reprogramming and local immunosuppression.

Spatial CRISPR screens probe the functional impact of mutations within intact tissues. Here, authors present Spatial Perturb-Seq, a technology that localizes CRISPR perturbations and cell identities in situ, uncovers communication between cells, and shows how genes act beyond their cellular borders.

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, but can also be used as a source for advanced carbon materials. This work shows a sustainable approach to produce high-value carbon fibres through methane pyrolysis.

Chu et al. present a framework for programmable RNA translation, of interest for RNA therapeutics. The method enables large-scale discovery and engineering of internal ribosome entry sites, which are validated by high-throughput functional assays.

Experiments under upper-tropospheric conditions map the chemical formation of isoprene oxygenated organic molecules (important molecules for new particle formation) and reveal that relative radical ratios control their composition

Superoscillations enable waves to oscillate faster beyond classical limits. Here, the authors demonstrate simultaneous spatial and temporal superoscillations in structured light pulses, achieving extreme both subwavelength and ultrafast focusing in space-time.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Nonlinear optical responses of semiconductors induced by 150-fs and 4.2-MeV electron pulses are investigated. Sub-10-ps bandgap modulations with intensities up to 24.5% are observed near the bandgap and are explained by the band-filling effect and bandgap renormalization.

While atomic disorder normally promotes glassy states, in some rare cases long-range magnetic order can persist. However, the mechanism, and microscopic characters, remain elusive. Here, Shen et al combine neutron diffraction and resonant X-ray scattering to shed light on the formation of long-range magnetic order in a high-entropy honeycomb van der Waals magnet.

Synchrotron experiments show that the anomalous hyper-diffusive atomic motion in metallic glasses corresponds to a regime of medium-length-scale order, resulting from internal stresses developed throughout the glass transition.

Protein complexes are the machinery of life, yet mapping their structures across different species is challenging. This study presents an atlas of 1.1million cross-kingdom structures, revealing 181,671 high-confidence complexes that uncover new higher-order structures and evolutionary links.

Millisecond pulsar PSR J0435+3233, with a spin-down rate that is 100 times higher than those of other millisecond pulsars, occupies a unique position on the P–Ṗ diagram. This pulsar challenges classical recycling models and constrains spin-up theories.

Converting methane into valuable chemicals is challenging due to its stable bonds and inefficient C–C coupling. Herein, a dual-site catalyst with high-valent metals to selectively converts methane to acetic acid with high efficiency and stability.

Delivery to the eye can be complex. Here, the authors report on eyedrop based delivery using zwitterionic nanocages to deliver catalase and superoxide dismutase for enzymatic cascade therapy to treat geographic atrophy, which outperforms intravitreal injection and current clinical antioxidants and supplements.

AhR functions as a neuronal brake on axon regeneration, integrating environmental sensing, protein homeostasis and metabolic signalling to control the balance between stress adaptation and axonal repair.

Functionalization of ZnTeSe quantum dots via ordering arrangement and energy-level modulation enables deep-blue quantum dot light-emitting diodes with a peak external quantum efficiency of 23.6% and a half-lifetime exceeding 50,000 h at an initial luminance of 100 cd m⁻².

The onset of septic cardiomyopathy (SC) is linked to excessive ROS, leading to increased oxidative stress and iron accumulation. Here, the authors report a conducting polymer-stabilized ruthenium nanozyme that shows desirable conductivity and catalytic properties, targets cardiac mitochondria, alleviates lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, achieving precise therapeutic effects on SC.

This research identifies two neural factors linked to externalizing and internalizing symptoms through a longitudinal imaging-genetic cohort. Distinct neural configurations and cognitive-behavioral relevance highlight the need for tailored therapeutic strategies addressing psychiatric comorbidity across developmental stages.

An increase in donations, prizes and public–private initiatives suggests many firms want to show commitment to the government’s goals.

An improved strategy for siting food and energy production is needed to avoid further habitat loss. This paper presents a multi-sector framework that can empower land use planners to find synergies across conservation and development sectors.

This study identifies GPR146 as a key regulator of fat–liver communication. In mice, reducing GPR146 in fat tissue lowers fat delivery to the liver and protects against obesity and fatty liver disease, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for MASLD.

Researchers identify FOXJ3 variants in focal epilepsy and cortical dysplasia and show that FOXJ3 regulates neuronal migration and cortical layer formation by controlling the PTEN–mTOR pathway; disruption of this process leads to abnormal brain development.