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Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

A detailed understanding of solute–solvent interactions is crucial to appreciating the important role aqueous ions play in various biological and catalytic processes. Now soft X-ray spectroscopy reveals new features in aqueous ion spectra that are due to solute–solvent interaction and electron transfer.

Glioblastoma—the deadliest form of brain cancer—alters the calvarial bone and its marrow components, pushing it toward producing more myeloid cells and contributing to an immunosuppressive environment.

Edge-localized plasma modes in a tokamak can damage its innermost wall. Simulations now show that fast ions can modify the spatio-temporal structure of these modes. These effects need to be considered in the optimization of control techniques.

Energy demand and intensive computation limit the use of machine learning on-device for wearables. Here, the authors deploy edge AI in a wearable form factor to provide clinical-grade gait-based frailty assessment over weeks with no interaction required from the wearer at any point.

Sivanandan, Leitmann, and colleagues present the CellPaint-POSH platform, which combines pooled CRISPR screening with Cell Painting. Using self-supervised deep learning on cell images, the method enables discovery of gene function and biological networks.

Vidmar et al. use cryo-EM to reveal how bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) and topoisomerase I (TopoI) cooperate. TopoI switches conformation, senses DNA supercoils near RNAP and relaxes them. Mutations disrupting this process alter bacterial motility and operon polarity.

Kim, Wang, Clow and colleagues show that long-range chromatin loops bringing distal enhancers or super-enhancers together with promoters are cohesin dependent and cell type specific, whereas most short-range and promoter-centric transcriptional loops are cohesin independent and constitutive.

Rational design of a hydrodesulfurization catalyst relies on a fundamental understanding of its working principles. Here, the authors use scanning tunneling microscopy to directly visualize and quantify hydrogen-induced reshaping and edge activation in MoS₂ and Co-promoted MoS₂ catalyst clusters.

The authors demonstrate dual-probe multi-messenger imaging of high-energy-density plasmas based on laser-wakefield-accelerated electrons. This enables spatiotemporally resolved simultaneous probing of plasma hydrodynamics and electromagnetic field evolution with both x-ray and electron beams.

Chromatin structure is regulated by chemical modifications of histone proteins, but measuring these at single-cell resolution has been challenging. Here, the authors develop a mass spectrometry-based method to profile histone modifications in individual cells, revealing chromatin heterogeneity and differential co-regulation.

Bohlen and colleagues report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase CBL is necessary for the development, tolerance and activation of B cells in humans, unlike in mice where CBL deficiency results in loss of T cells.

The modification of Cdc42 with a FRET binding antenna (GDI.Cdc42 FLARE) enables detection of Cdc42 binding to guanine-nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) and Cdc42 activation with improved spatial-temporal resolution during cellular protrusion and retraction.

A substantial reduction of losses in a phononic waveguide can be achieved by soft clamping, through which phonons can be guided through very sharp turns with losses accounting for less than one phonon in a million.

Scourzic et al. show that germinal centre B cells display an enhanced ability to reprogram to induced pluripotent stem cells compared to mature B cells. This ability indicates their higher plasticity level and is T follicular helper cell-dependent.

High-dimensional immune profiling of a living recipient of a pig-to-human xenotransplant provides insight into the immune landscape of xenotransplantation and directions for improved immunosuppression strategies.

The electrons in 2D materials like graphene are described by the relativistic Dirac equation. Here the authors present a lattice of evanescently coupled waveguides that emulates a wide range of Dirac excitations and study the type-II edge states that emerge in this photonic system.

Nanoantennas provide control of emission and absorption of optical light, but getting directional scattering from them isn’t always simple. Using high-energy electron excitation, Coenen et al.show how local excitation overcomes this problem, enabling directional emission from single element gold nanodisks.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

Light can charge metal nanoparticles. Here, the authors present a method that allows the charging to be observed in situ, making it possible to model the process quantitatively as nanorods that behave like photocharged nanocapacitors.

The monomeric near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent protein miRFP720 enables development of fully NIR Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors compatible with CFP–YFP FRET biosensors and blue–green optogenetic tools without optical cross-talk.

The discovery of a vast reservoir of primordial neutral hydrogen gas surrounding a young galaxy cluster just one billion years after the Big Bang offers new insight into how the first large cosmic structures assembled.

A challenging problem is to identify the most central agents in interconnected multilayer networks. Here, De Domenico et al. present a mathematical framework to calculate centrality in such networks—versatility—and rank nodes accordingly.

Proteomics must target specific synapse types to reveal how molecules shape their unique functions. Here, authors show that hippocampal synapses differ in proteome and that neuron-specific glutamate receptor regulation shapes synaptic diversity.

Materials that can alter their structure in response to light have potential as functional materials such as motors and actuators. Here the authors describe a low-cost system capable of rapid, reversible and wavelength-selective responses to light.

Clb2 is a B-type cyclin essential for mitotic progression. Here, the authors found that the CLB2 mRNA localizes to the yeast bud via a cis-acting ZIP-code and She2/She3 transport machinery. This spatial regulation ensures proper cyclin protein levels, whereas its mislocalization perturbs division timing and bud size control.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity and plasticity due to interplay with neural developmental programs. Here, the authors develop a model of GBM by introducing sequential oncogenic mutations in human neural stem cells and using this, identify INSM1 as a driver of a neural progenitor gene network promoting tumorigenesis.

The electronic ground state of a correlated oxide interface is reversibly switched by light. Stemming from interfacial reconstructions, electrostatic confinement and photodoping, this effect opens a path towards engineering the optical response of oxides.

Using whole-embryo imaging and point cloud analysis, Brambach et al. reveal that global tissue diversity can be reduced to two organisational archetypes, crystalline and amorphous, each requiring specific cadherin expression during development.

The evolutionarily conserved SARS-CoV-2 spike’s S2 subunit provides the foundation for its usage as an immunogen in vaccines. Here, the authors use a simulation-driven approach to design S2-only immunogens stabilized in the closed prefusion conformation.

The high-voltage oxygen redox activity of Li-rich layered oxides enables additional capacity beyond conventional transition metal redox contributions. Here, authors investigate the correlation between oxygen redox activity and superstructure units. They prove that an excess of LiNiMn5 hinders the extraction/insertion of lithium ions.

Prior studies have pointed to the role of spin-polarized hot electrons in ultrafast demagnetization. Here, by combining time and element resolved X-ray magnetic circular dichroism with theoretical calculations, Gupta et al quantitatively resolve both the effect of spin polarization and the current densities in ultrashort hot electron pulses.

Heterozygous deletions in the ANKS1B gene cause ANKS1B neurodevelopmental syndrome. Here the authors show this syndrome is associated with impaired white matter integrity, and that Anks1b-deficient mouse models display deficits in oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination, and Rac1 function.

The evolution of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains poorly understood. Here, the authors employ multi-omics and multi-scale analyses to explore the genetic evolution of keratinocytes to cSCC, finding key pathogenic mutations that break the resistance to ultraviolet radiation as well as spatial heterogeneity patterns.

In this Review, Grapsa and colleagues provide an overview of the imaging modalities used in the diagnosis and management of tricuspid regurgitation, describe the valve repair and replacement strategies undergoing clinical testing, and highlight the technological innovations that aim to optimize diagnosis, patient selection and the device development process.

The network of the fly brain is highly recurrent and displays rich-club organization, with a large population (30%) of preferentially connected neurons.

Although fullerenes have been synthesized from graphite for a long time, the exact mechanism is relatively unknown. Now, in situ microscopy and quantum chemical modelling have directly followed the formation of fullerenes from a single graphitic sheet — graphene.

All-optical magnetization switching holds significant potential for future ultrafast high-density recording applications. Here, Le Guyader et al.demonstrate sub-100 ps sub-wavelength magnetization reversal by passive focussing of a single femtosecond laser pulse in micro-patterned GdFeCo thin films.

To date, experimental demonstrations of PT-symmetric systems have been restricted to one dimension. Here, the authors experimentally realize and characterize a two-dimensional PT-symmetric system using photonic lattice waveguides with judiciously designed refractive index landscape and an alternating loss distribution.

Gravitational wave background offers insights into supermassive black hole binaries. Here, authors refine noise models in pulsar timing data to better understand the nanohertz gravitational wave background and find support to a population of slowly inspiraling binaries in circular orbits as its source.

Tuberculosis is a major global health threat. Here, the authors develop a single-cell drug discovery approach and identify a compound that tunes bacterial phenotypic variation. This enhances the activity of anti-tubercular drugs against the pathogen.

Rising seafood demand strains fish stocks, risking ecosystem collapse. Using a dynamic food-web model, we compare fishing strategies. Targeting mid-trophic species yields sustainable returns with minimal biodiversity loss, guiding ecosystem-based management.

Understanding the evolution of Zn dendrites during cycling is crucial for development of Zn batteries. Here, authors employ in situ scanning transmission X-ray microscopy to identify the chemical origins of Zn dendrite formation and propose an electrolyte additive strategy to prolong cycle life.

Material implementation of machine learning algorithms for advanced computing at cryogenic temperature remains rare. Here, the authors report a cryogenic in-memory computing platform using chiral edge states of magnetic topological insulators.

The [Mo:7Fe:9S:C] iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) of nitrogenase is a large metal cluster with an important role in biological nitrogen fixation. Here, the authors use spatially resolved refinement of the anomalous scattering contributions of the iron atoms to determine the resting-state electron distribution of FeMoco.

Technetium-99 retention in spinel-containing glass is a promising strategy for radioactive waste management, but volatility is still an issue. Here, the authors show that doping magnetite with 1st row transition metals enhances technetium retention by altering the redox capacity of the Tc-containing spinel.