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Here the authors analyse genetic data for over 400,000 British and Irish people, showing that the frequency of the major genetic risk factor for haemochromatosis varies from a low of 1/212 in Southern England to 1/62-1/54 in Outer Hebrideans and Northwest Irish. Clinically diagnosed haemochromatosis varies 11- fold in frequency across England, emphasising the uneven risk landscape.

The genetic basis underlying resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) in oilseed rape remains elusive. Here, the authors identify BnaA07.MKK9 as a pivotal regulator of SSR resistance in oilseed rape by GWAS, providing new insights into plant defense mechanisms against necrotrophic pathogens.

Tan and colleagues present “cycling molecular assemblies” that borrow cellular lipidation machinery to build nanostructures inside the Golgi apparatus. These tools enable rapid organelle imaging and selective destruction of cancer cells.

BiG-SCAPE and BiG-SLiCE are computational tools that enable exploring the diversity of metabolic gene clusters across microbial genomes. Here, the authors present major updates to these tools, providing essential infrastructure for studying the diversity of microbial metabolism.

By combining satellite observations with ground-based data and expert validation, this analysis demonstrates considerable misestimation of grassland extent and thereby carbon stock estimates in previous global assessments based on remote sensing.

The potential of detecting acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) is explored for early cancer diagnosis and treatment. Here, this group reports a pH-responsive ratiometric photoacoustic sensor that dynamically monitors TME acidity throughout HCC initiation, progression, and metastasis.

Capsular polysaccharides are bacterial virulence factors, yet their transport mechanism remains unclear. Here, the authors reveal the structure and dynamics of the Wza–Wzc complex, uncovering how a trans-envelope channel assembles to guide capsular polysaccharide synthesis and export.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

Vertical transmission is thought to favour beneficial host–microbe interactions, but these may also be context dependent. Here Bruijning et al. show with a model that variable environments can select for bet-hedging by hosts via imperfect vertical transmission of microbes.

The authors show how Vγ1⁺ γδ T cells produce IL-4 to drive early CD8⁺ T cell and dendritic cell responses to malaria infection in mice.

Aerial surveys over the Permian Basin found 500+ major methane leaks, many recurring. A few sites leaked continuously and offer quick mitigation wins. These super-emitters may produce ~50% of regional emissions, underscoring the need for frequent monitoring.

Change in the species composition of ecological communities is often attributed to environmental change. Here, the authors reveal a widespread slowdown in short-term species turnover over the last century, suggesting instead an intrinsic driver of such change.

Breaking away from the utopian assumption that the international community will agree on a single emissions allocation scheme, this study assesses approaches to setting country-level mitigation targets in line with the 2 °C goal.

Here authors show that the function of prefrontal cortex, an area that controls executive function and cognition, is impaired on a cellular and network level in mice born preterm.

Optical spin orientation of itinerant ferromagnets in twisted MoTe₂ homobilayers is demonstrated, enabling control of topological Chern numbers with circularly polarized light.

Genome-wide association analyses using data from 19 biobanks identify variants influencing risk of thyroid diseases and yield polygenic risk scores associated with features of aggressive thyroid cancer.

A national classification system of wetland hydrologic connectivity to streams, which could be applied globally, demonstrates and advances current understanding of how wetland connectivity affects surface water quality.

This study utilized a longitudinal cohort of adolescents to identify distinct brain signatures linked to ADHD symptom trajectories, revealing that specific cortical and subcortical changes correlate with symptom persistence, remission and emergence, enhancing predictive capabilities for ADHD outcomes.

The systemic discovery of metal–small-molecule complexes from biological samples is a difficult challenge. Now, a method based on liquid chromatography and native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry has been developed. The approach uses post-column pH adjustment and metal infusion combined with ion identity molecular networking, and a rule-based informatics workflow, to interrogate small-molecule–metal binding.

A M5 earthquake triggered the 2018 Sierra Negra eruption after 10 hours. Subsequent microseismicity revealed a cryptic fluid phase facilitated magma intrusion, highlighting that cascading processes are potentially essential for eruption initiations.

Scholl et al. show that PopZ forms filamentous condensates driven by its helical domain and inhibited by its disordered region. Phase-dependent conformations modulate client interactions and disruption of filamentation or condensation impairs cellular function and growth.

GDF15 has been associated with cancer-associated cachexia. Here, the authors show that STK11/LKB1 loss-of-function mutations in non-small cell lung cancer result in an exaggerated integrated stress response culminating in the tumor cell secretion of the cytokine GDF15 promoting cachexia.

NatD is an acetyltransferase responsible for N-α-terminal acetylation of the histone H4 and H2A and has been linked to cell growth. Here the authors show that NatD-mediated acetylation of histone H4 serine 1 competes with the phosphorylation by CK2α at the same residue thus leading to the upregulation of Slug and tumor progression.

In a phase 2 randomized, controlled, dose–response trial, the live-attenuated chikungunya vaccine (VLA1553) was given in full and half doses to children under the age of 12 in Honduras and the Dominican Republic and was found to be safe and immunogenic, with the results supporting selection of the full-dose VLA1553 in future clinical trials in this population.

Fluorescence microscopy during CryoFIB milling produces an interferogram that can be used to direct lamella production to labeled structures with accuracy beyond the axial diffraction limit. The approach relies only on real-time feedback from the structure, requiring no image registration.

A measurement strategy is described that is able to read out the parity of minimal two-site Kitaev chains in real time, by coupling two Majoranas and resolving their quantum capacitance.

Plastids, photosynthetic organelles in plants and algae, originated from cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. Here, Shrestha et al. use metagenomics to expand plastid diversity and provide evidence for two independent origins of secondary red-algal plastids.

Here they show that the adhesion GPCR Gpr126/Adgrg6 regulates trabeculation during heart development. Its N-terminal fragment is required for maintaining cell adhesion and compact wall integrity while its C-terminal fragment is essential to provide trabecular identity.

Emissions from croplands are an important source of GHG emissions that can be shaped by management. This study presents maps of emissions globally for different crops, showing that drained peatlands, rice paddies and fertilizer were the main drivers, and highlights differences in emission intensity.

The ZFTA–RELA fusion, an oncogene for ependymomas, promotes the production of itaconate, and its dependence on this metabolite represents a new therapeutic target for this cancer.

The study shows a micron-scale polariton structure where an artificial gauge field creates topological, non-reciprocal edge transport without strong magnetic fields, overcoming key limits for topological polariton lasers and devices.

This paper uses multiomics to profile a large cohort of meningioma samples to highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment in driving the epigenetic changes underpinning tumor classification and prediction of outcome.

The STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory demonstrates evidence of spin correlations in \(\Lambda \bar{\Lambda }\) hyperon pairs inherited from virtual spin-correlated strange quark–antiquark pairs during QCD confinement.

In this work, an exotic nuclear decay in one dimension is simulated using IonQ trapped-ion quantum computers. The coherent evolution of many decay channels is classically hard and quantum simulation of these processes may impact future searches for new physics.

Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 continue to evolve 6 to 12 months after infection in patients who have recovered from COVID-19, increasing in potency and breadth with time.

Soil water uptake is a major determinant of plant performance and stress tolerance. Here the authors show that, by affecting xylem formation in the root, natural variation at the Arabidopsis XND1 locus has contrasting effects on root hydraulics and drought tolerance versus pathogen resistance.

An algorithm that combines deep learning, Bayesian optimization and computer vision techniques can be used to autonomously tune a semiconductor spin qubit from a grounded device to Rabi oscillations.

The specific glycosylation patterns of biological drugs often impact the efficacy and safety of the therapeutic product. Here the authors describe a native mass spectrometry approach that allows the resolution of highly complex glycosylation patterns on large proteins, which they apply to the therapeutic Fc-fusion protein Etanercept.

Nitrogen and phosphorus in Greenland ice are present in measurable amounts and exceed algal needs, suggesting these nutrients do not limit glacier ice algae growth during the melt season.

Downsizing into the strong confinement regime can improve single-photon purity in quantum dot emitters, but often at the expense of optical stability. Here, the authors present an alternative approach leveraging electron–phonon coupling to achieve stable, room-temperature single-photon emission with enhanced purity in colloidal hybrid lead halide perovskite quantum dots.

Researchers mapped how the plant enzyme FUT11 adds fucose to N-glycans. Microarrays, crystal structures and simulations indicate the enzyme can distort the acceptor sugar during catalysis, informing glycoprotein engineering.