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A large-scale study on the replicability of claims from social and behavioural science journals reports that about half of the results replicate in the same patterns as the original study.

When 100 social and behavioural science claims were examined, 34% of reanalyses closely matched the original results, with 74% reaching the same conclusion, revealing limited robustness of single-path analyses and the need to address analytical uncertainty.

Exposome analyses across 34 countries showed that social exposures were associated with faster functional brain aging and physical exposures with faster structural brain aging.

ProtAIDe-Dx is a deep joint-learning model that uses plasma proteomics to provide simultaneous probabilistic diagnoses across six conditions associated with aging.

Element-element bonded multiply charged cationic species are well known as dimers or small cyclic oligomers in the condensed phase but the smallest acyclic version, a trinuclear unit possessing greater than a monocationic charge, has remained elusive. Here the authors report a bis(phosphine) supported low valent triantimony-based tricationic compound.

In-flight observations show that the use of lean-burn combustion succeeds in reducing soot emissions from aircraft—yet contrail ice crystals still form and nucleate on volatile particles.

Genomic analyses of DNA from modern individuals show that, about 800 years ago, pre-European contact occurred between Polynesian individuals and Native American individuals from near present-day Colombia, while remote Pacific islands were still being settled.

The first-in-human clinical trial of the LRRK2-targeting antisense oligonucleotide BIIB094 in Parkinson’s disease demonstrates that the treatment is well tolerated and produces dose-dependent reductions in cerebrospinal fluid levels of LRRK2 and phosphorylated Rab10, indicating successful target engagement.

Liang et al. estimate the prevalence of text modified by large language models in recent scientific papers and preprints, finding widespread use (up to 17.5% of papers in computer science).

Analyses of large-scale, multitaxa and long-term thermophilization patterns in forests, grasslands and alpine summits across Europe provide insight into shifts in community composition among different ecosystems in a warming world.

Genome-wide association analyses using data from 19 biobanks identify variants influencing risk of thyroid diseases and yield polygenic risk scores associated with features of aggressive thyroid cancer.

Dynamic S–S bonds have been leveraged in a variety of applications. Now trisulfides have been found to undergo rapid and spontaneous S–S metathesis in polar aprotic solvents. A mechanistic investigation of this unusual reaction enabled applications in natural product modification, dynamic combinatorial library synthesis and chemically recyclable polymers.

Using artificial neural networks applied to human data, Eckstein et al. show that good models of reinforcement learning require memory components that track representations of the past.

Warren et al. used data from a retrospective cohort of 50,000 women attending breast screening. Arbitration between human and AI decisions was performed in a reader study following normal arbitration workflow. After arbitration, replacing the second human reader with AI in a double-read breast screening workflow was noninferior to two human readers.

In clinical validation of a liquid biopsy assay, the approach enabled fast and accurate molecular diagnosis of EBV⁺ Burkitt’s lymphoma in more than 200 children and young adults in Tanzania and Uganda.

A pangenome reference for the phenotypically diverse crop sorghum aims to help accelerate future efforts to breed crops that are better adapted to changing environments.

Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 continue to evolve 6 to 12 months after infection in patients who have recovered from COVID-19, increasing in potency and breadth with time.

A pan-haematologic cancer approach, involving analysis of data from 256 patients across 5 cancer types and 13 clinical trials, revealed predictive biomarkers for understanding the response or non-response of patients to CAR-T therapy.

An electrothermal fluorination methodology has been developed to transform granular activated carbon-sorbed aqueous film-forming foam waste into graphene and a fluorinating reagent, subsequently enabling lithium recovery from brine sources.

N input and warming alter plant traits and mycorrhizal communities, reducing belowground C inputs and stable soil organic C while accelerating decomposition, highlighting root–mycorrhizal interactions as key regulators of soil C under global change.

Plasmas can unlock unconventional reactivity for established catalytic systems, but understanding the resulting mechanistic changes is a complex endeavour. Here in situ characterization techniques allow us to rationalize the promotional role of non-thermal plasma on the catalytic hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol on Cu–Zn systems.

Neural mechanisms underlying active avoidance are not fully understood. Here authors show that avoidance actions are positively reinforced by learned safety signals. With training, control shifts from goal-directed to habitual behavior via distinct dorsal striatal circuits, like reward-based learning.

Neuropathic pain is commonly treated with opioids due to limited alternatives. Here, authors determine cryo-EM structures of the neuronal glycine transporter GlyT2 and develop a reversible inhibitor that provides analgesia in vivo without side effects.

Radiation reaction (RR) on particles in strong fields is the subject of intense experimental research, but previous efforts lacked statistical significance due to the extreme regimes required. Here, the authors report a 5σ observation of RR and obtain strong, quantitative evidence favouring quantum models over classical, using an all-optical setup where electrons are accelerated by a laser in a gas jet before colliding with a second, intense pulse.

Improved red and green indicators for norepinephrine and their characterization are reported. These indicators allow detection of norepinephrine release in awake behaving mice in dual-color fiber photometry and two-photon imaging applications.

An online experiment compared 12 brief online interventions for depression. Most improved mental health immediately, but these gains decreased over time, with only two interventions significantly reducing depression 4 weeks later.

Helioseismic data reveal evidence for magnetically modified Rossby waves in the Sun. These global oscillations provide a new way to probe the Sun’s internal magnetic field and may help explain how solar magnetism evolves and shapes space weather.

Evo 2 is an artificial intelligence-based biological foundation model trained on 9 trillion DNA base pairs spanning all domains of life that predicts functional properties from genomic sequences and provides a rich generative model for researchers in biology.

Heterogeneous integration is essential to advances in artificial intelligence, high-performance computing and mobile technologies. This Perspective outlines the emerging technology and challenges necessary to revise the technology roadmap to shape the future evolution of semiconductor systems and computing architectures.

Biomolecules can control biochemical reactions via droplets of macromolecules known as condensates. Here, it is shown that oxygen is partially excluded from such condensates due to the high concentration of macromolecules.

This study reports a post-assembly, reversible crosslinking strategy that enhances lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mediated mRNA delivery while preserving efficient intracellular release. The resulting crosslinked LNPs enable improved endosomal escape, sustained in vivo expression and robust immune and antitumor responses across multiple clinically relevant LNP platforms.

A single intravenous dose of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine, combined with psychological support, produces rapid and lasting reductions in depressive symptoms in adults with major depressive disorder.

KRAS mutations are keenly associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and represent a potential therapeutic target. Here the authors present the findings from a phase I clinical trial testing pooled KRAS mutant peptides in combination with immune checkpoint blockade in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Femtosecond X-ray solution scattering reveals how solvent environments direct the outcome of ultrafast roaming reactions in bromoform, determining whether transient hot isomers undergo rapid solvolysis or rearrange into long-lived isomeric products.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

This study identifies AcuB as a conserved inhibitor of the deacetylase AcuC in bacteria. AcuB directly suppresses AcuC activity, and this inhibition is enhanced the alarmone diadenosine tetraphosphate, linking stress signaling to acetylation control.

There is a need for an easy-to-use clinical tool, that could predict favorable early PSA response and subsequently enhance early risk stratification, as well as guide treatment planning. Here, the authors show that based on patient data from four phase III randomized trials, Nadir androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (APRI)- Derived Integrative Response (NADIR) model predicts favorable early PSA response to ≤0.2 ng/mL by 6 months in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) patients initiating treatment with an APRI.

Application of multiancestry and ensemble-based approaches yields improved polygenic risk prediction models for breast cancer and its subtypes among women of African ancestry.

Black-hole masses are estimated from broad emission-line widths and luminosity. Here, the authors show that over decades the luminosity varies while line widths remain constant biasing mass estimates, but using narrow-line luminosity corrects this.

ADGRL4 is a cancer-implicated adhesion GPCR whose ability to couple to G proteins had been unclear. Here, authors show that ADGRL4 weakly engages Gq and determine its 3.1 Å active-state structure, revealing its mechanism of activation.

An analysis of 24,202 critical cases of COVID-19 identifies potentially druggable targets in inflammatory signalling (JAK1), monocyte–macrophage activation and endothelial permeability (PDE4A), immunometabolism (SLC2A5 and AK5), and host factors required for viral entry and replication (TMPRSS2 and RAB2A).

MK-7762 is a new oxazolidinone antitubercular agent that is structurally similar to linezolid, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy, lesion penetration and limited toxicity compared to linezolid, indicating it could be used in broad tuberculosis regimens.

Silicon anodes promise much higher battery capacity but are limited by poor storage life. This work identifies key ageing mechanisms and suggests ways to improve long-term stability.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Thermal imaging lenses are typically made from expensive materials such as germanium and silicon. Here, the authors synthesise a sulfur-based polymer with high mid-wave infrared and long-wave infrared transparencies, presenting a high-performing, low-cost alternative to traditional thermal imaging lens materials.

The authors report on imaging developments of solid-density plasmas and the current filamentation instability by means of the LCLS-XFEL at SLAC. This offers insights on the instability in the solid density region, stimulating new modelling of laser-solid interactions.

A multi-institute, multi-platform initiative generates standard metrics and best practices for spatial transcriptomics analysis.

Analysis of a placebo-controlled trial of a BCMA-targeting CAR-T cell therapy in patients with myasthenia gravis shows that CAR-T cell infusion selectively remodels the systemic immune environment, with elimination of BCMA-high plasma cells and activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells and changes in the autoreactive B cell repertoire.