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Difference frequency generation (DFG) is promising for wavelength conversion and signal amplification, but is limited by low conversion efficiencies. Here, the authors demonstrate broadband and high-efficiency DFG under adapted poling implementation.

Thiophene S,S-dioxides are excellent substrates for cycloaddition reactions, but underused in target-oriented synthesis. Here the authors show how these heterocycles enable the asymmetric synthesis of tricyclic indolines, as well as the collective synthesis of the iconic Strychnos alkaloids. Computational studies rationalize the source of asymmetry and reveal a spontaneous SO₂ extrusion pathway.

Temporal processing and robustness to noise are challenges in current spiking neural networks. Drawing on principles of neural oscillations, the authors introduce Rhythm-SNN, which enhances temporal processing and robustness while significantly reducing energy consumption.

Engineering human microglia with a Down-syndrome-linked myeloid gene variant resists tau-induced dysfunction and protects neurons in chimeric brains, offering proof of concept for transformative microglial replacement therapies in Alzheimer’s disease.

Commercial live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs), usually contain a high proportion of defective interfering particles (DIPs), are not sufficiently protective. With mice models, the authors here reveal that LAIV with low DIPs replicates better, enhances immune response and facilitates cross-neutralization protection against lethal challenge of influenza strains.

We develop a method for high-density vertical stacking of active-device multi-layers, implementing memory and logic functions, using unique VIP-FETs where a van der Waals intercalation layer modulates the p- or n-type nature of the FETs.

A PICALM allele associated with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease has a microglial-specific role in lipid droplet accumulation.

LepR⁺ cells senescence is a driver of aging-induced bone marrow homeostasis collapse. Here, Li et al. report a LepR⁺ cell-targeting nitric oxide (NO) nanopump for rejuvenation of senescent LepR⁺ cells via activation of glycolysis signaling to reestablish homeostasis of the aged bone marrow.

Photonic memristor arrays fabricated from hexagonal boron nitride/silicon heterostructures provide a scalable, silicon-compatible solution for artificial vision systems, featuring broad spectral reconfigurability and promising performance characteristics.

Accurately describing and tuning active sites remains a major challenge. Here, the authors introduce an effective metal-ion chelation strategy—guided by DFT predictions and in situ Raman measurements—to structurally engineer and quantitatively link the electronic properties of active sites in an ionic liquid.

Foundation models enable rapid adaptation to various downstream tasks and are hence about to become a new paradigm in biomedicine. Here, the authors develop LLaVA-Rad, a small AI that bests larger models in chest X-ray interpretation, and CheXprompt, a radiologist-aligned factuality metric, to enable scalable, privacy-preserving image analysis.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney failure. This study shows that prolonged glucagon exacerbates lipid accumulation, promoting renal injury in early DKD, rather than lipid oxidation. Targeting glucagon signaling significantly inhibits DKD progression.

FinFETs are an evolution of metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) featuring a semiconducting channel vertically wrapped by conformal gate electrodes. Here, the authors use a two-dimensional semiconductor to push the FinFET width to sub-nm whilst achieving a 107 ON/OFF ratio.

The quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet Co_1/3NbS₂ was recently reported to have a significant anomalous Hall effect. However, its controversial spin configuration has presented challenges in understanding the physical mechanism behind the AHE. Here, through an array of experimental probes, Gu, Peng and coauthors verify an intrinsic k-space Berry curvature as origin of the spontaneous Hall effect, and elucidate the domain-related magnetic reversal behaviours.

This study presents the difference in oxidation potential between metals and carbon as a thermodynamic factor for designing multielement heterostructures. A roll-to-roll carbothermal shock technology is developed to achieve one-step synthesis and continuous manufacturing of the multielement heterostructures.

This work reports a Lewis-acid coordinated strategy to improve stability of a 4.8 V-class PEO-based battery. The batteries using Lewis-acid coordinated electrolytes and Ni-rich cathodes achieve high voltage stability of 4.8 V over 300 cycles.

Single-cell CRISPR screens enable high-throughput analysis of how genetic changes affect individual cells. Here, authors present GPerturb, a method that accurately detects and quantifies gene-level effects of perturbations, with uncertainty estimates, revealing complex biological interactions.

Prov-GigaPath, a whole-slide pathology foundation model pretrained on a large dataset containing around 1.3 billion pathology images, attains state-of-the-art performance in cancer classification and pathomics tasks.

Inspired by fireflies, a bimodal information indication system using a photochemical afterglow material within a photonic crystal matrix is developed to display both static and changing information, such as sample type and degree of degradation.

This work proposes a zirconate titanate-based optical memristor that integrates non-volatility and ultrafast modulation within a single device, bridging the gap between high-speed photonics and nonvolatile memory, demonstrating the potential applications in a broad spectrum of scenarios.

Solid-state sodium batteries represent more sustainable options as they combine resource abundance with safety. This work advances their performance, particularly fast cycling lifespan, to an unprecedented level utilizing a hybrid electrolyte.

LRRK2 variants are linked to Parkinson’s disease. Here, the authors solve the Cryo-EM structure of LRRK2 complexed to RAB12 and demonstrate that their interaction regulates cilia formation in astrocytes.

Endothelial injury drives vascular diseases like atherosclerosis, but key regulators are unclear. Here, the authors show that endothelial major vault protein (MVP) acts as an intracellular regulator promoting Parkin-mediated mitophagy, thereby antagonizing vascular remodeling and suggesting its role as a potential therapeutic target.

Ecological restoration in China’s Mu Us Sandyland reverses decades of water loss, indicating early depletion followed by recovery after 2011, with climate-driven gains up to 351% projected by 2100, as revealed by satellite, hydrological modelling, and machine learning analyses.

Continuous industrialization and human activities have led to severe water quality deterioration. Here, a structure-function integrated system is developed by Douglas fir wood inspired metamaterial catalysts with robust and high throughput water purification performances.

Designing promoters with desired properties is crucial in synthetic biology. Here, authors introduce DeepSEED, an AI-aided flanking sequence optimisation framework which combines expert knowledge with deep learning techniques to efficiently design promoters in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Local structure control is challenging in high entropy alloy (HEA) catalysts. Here, the authors report finely tailoring the local clustering in HEA catalysts through rational composition design and sequential pulse annealing, achieving enhanced activity and stability for ethanol electrooxidation.

Here, the authors fabricate hybrid van der Waals heterostructures based on 2D tessellations of DNA origami thin films, graphene and boron nitride, showing that the DNA films can induce periodic superlattices at the interface and modulate the electronic properties of the samples.

Ohmic contacts to n-type molybdenum disulfide can be created over a temperature range from millikelvins to 300 K using a window-contacted technique, which leads to evidence for fractional quantum Hall states at filling fractions of 4/5 and 2/5 in the lowest Landau levels of bilayer molybdenum disulfide devices.

Modelling reactions in solution is challenging. Machine learning potentials offer promising alternatives but need large datasets. Here the authors report an automated active learning approach using descriptor-based selectors to model Diels-Alder reactions.

Colloidal liquid crystals account for various applications due to the combination of characteristics relevant for liquid crystals and colloids. The authors elaborate the impact of concave geometry on the properties of colloidal liquid crystals for development of functional materials.

Delivering gene editing materials to the brain for glioblastoma therapy can boost the efficacy of chemotherapy. Here the authors reduce resistance to temozolomide using a reactive oxygen species-sensitive polymer-locking fusogenic liposome that can cross the blood–brain barrier and deliver short interfering RNA or CRISPR–Cas to glioblastoma with high specificity.

Traditional machine learning methods for drug development struggle with bioactivity prediction due to the limited number of compounds in each assay and assay incompatibilities. Feng et al. developed ActFound, a bioactivity foundation model trained by pairwise learning and meta-learning, that improves the accuracy and generalization of bioactivity prediction.

The authors report a large-scale single-shot millimeter-wave imaging technique for low-cost high-fidelity security inspection. Experiments demonstrated successful detection of concealed centimeter-sized targets with order-of-magnitude cost reduction.

Some atomically thin crystals feature crystallographic anisotropy, but demonstrations of electrical anisotropy are scarce. Here, the authors show that the electrical conductivity of few-layered GaTe along the x and y directions can be widely gate tuned up to 10³, and demonstrate anisotropic non-volatile memory behavior.

Macrophage TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) is implicated in a range of immunopathology. Here the authors show TIGAR drives inflammation and sepsis via activation of TAK1 and that disruption of TIGAR-TAK1 interaction in a murine model of sepsis reduces immunopathology.

Benzyl acetate is a valuable aromatic ester compound used in flavorings and fragrances. Now, a microbial approach is developed to produce benzyl acetate from d-glucose using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains and exploiting delayed co-culture strategies.

Clean air actions affect air quality greatly. Here, the authors report widespread decreases in organic aerosol (OA) in China from 2013 to 2020 with primary OA decreasing more than secondary OA. However, further reductions are challenging.

With increasing reliance on public data sources, researchers are concerned whether low-quality or even adversarial data could have detrimental effects on medical models. Yang et al. developed Scorpius, a malicious text generator, to investigate whether large language models can mislead medical knowledge graphs. They show that a single generated paper abstract can mislead a medical reasoning system that has read millions of papers.

A magnetic spin Hall effect is reported in the collinear antiferromagnet Mn₂Au.

The cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human noradrenaline transporter in both the apo state and bound to substrates or antidepressant drugs are resolved.

China’s second phase of clean air actions proved less effective than the first, highlighting the need to adapt and update policies to enable continued progress, according to an assessment combining chemical transport modelling and emission inventories.

This work presents a computational hyperspectral imaging technique with high throughput, termed SpectraTrack. By deriving the spatio-temporal-spectral multiplexing principle, it achieved megapixel, hundred-fps, and thousand-channel spectral imaging.

Here, the authors explore how Ni single-atom sites on carbon nitride evolve under photocatalytic conditions. They show that this evolution plays a pivotal role in enhancing photocatalytic H₂O₂ production.