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Here, Wulczynski et al. find fewer small-intestinal fiber-degrading bacteria in CeD patients, independent of the gluten-free diet, while inulin-supplemented diet in gluten-sensitized mice facilitates microbial saccharolytic function and SCFAs, accelerating mucosal healing in the small intestine.

A large-scale study on the replicability of claims from social and behavioural science journals reports that about half of the results replicate in the same patterns as the original study.

Global Burden of Disease analysis found that in 2023, suboptimal diet was estimated to be responsible for 4 million deaths and 97 million morbidity burdens from ischemic heart disease.

Tropical forests regulate Earth’s carbon cycle, but what governs carbon sequestration following land use remains unclear. Here Tang et al find a shift from strong nitrogen limitation to no nutrient limitation over tropical forest secondary succession.

Urban development that supports nature and people is a challenge. This study finds that, despite gains in jobs, income and ecological health with ‘green development’, former villagers in Qunli New Town, Harbin, China, feel less content than newcomers given the rural attributes they lost.

Robustness checks and reproduction of analyses with existing and updated data based on 110 articles in economics and political science journals with data and code-sharing requirements found high levels of robustness and reproducibility and determined that robustness was not dependent on author characteristics or data availability.

An atlas of ~1 million Arabidopsis nuclei captures leaf development under drought stress. Drought advances leaf maturation transcriptional programmes in a dose-dependent manner. Mesophyll-specific FRO6 overexpression partially restores growth, revealing a link between stress and development.

Despite enormous resources expended, lead exposure in endangered California condors has risen. The authors show lead ammunition bans and outreach are effective, with changing hunting patterns and wilder condor behavior explaining exposure increases.

Sopena-Rios and colleagues profile single-cell transcriptomic data from nearly 1,000 female and male participants across the adult lifespan and identify sex-specific changes in inflammation, autoimmunity and disease risk, with more widespread age-related immune remodeling in female participants.

Bioactive sesquiterpenes accumulating in petunia stigmas are synthesized in the floral tube and then transported to the pistil via natural fumigation within the internal airspace of the developing flower.

uPAR is a senescence-associated protein, and CAR T cells targeting uPAR exert senolysis. Here Eskiocak et al. identify uPAR⁺ cells as key targets of intestinal aging and show that CAR T-mediated elimination prevents and restores age-related decline in intestinal regeneration and barrier function.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into multiple lineages, with such capacity impacted by aging. Here the authors identify Kit^lo HSCs as a functionally distinct population that exhibits distinct lymphoid-primed chromatin landscapes, which drive enhanced lymphoid reconstitution capacity, and is altered in aged hosts.

A pangenome reference for the phenotypically diverse crop sorghum aims to help accelerate future efforts to breed crops that are better adapted to changing environments.

In-flight observations show that the use of lean-burn combustion succeeds in reducing soot emissions from aircraft—yet contrail ice crystals still form and nucleate on volatile particles.

In a real-world cohort of 888 patients with solid cancers receiving whole-genome sequencing profiling, actionable biomarkers were identified in 73% of patients, and targeted therapies were associated with clinical benefit in patients without prior systemic therapy.

Observations of a nearby type I superluminous supernova showing oscillating light-curve bumps provide evidence of a centrally located magnetar in the wake of the explosion, surrounded by an infalling accretion disk undergoing Lense–Thirring precession.

The susceptibility of mouse and human T cells to ferroptosis is determined by the balance of systemic polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, highlighting a key role for lipid metabolism and dietary composition in regulating T cell function.

The changing cellular, transcriptional, and genomic landscape of human lung aging can be characterized using single-cell RNA sequencing. Here, the authors show that lung aging is cell-type dyssynchronous, with alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells exhibiting the greatest changes in gene expression, transcriptional entropy, and a high level of somatic mutations.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

The risk of intensive care unit admission among children with COVID-19 or its sequelae is affected by age, ethnicity and comorbidities. Understanding these modifiers might help identify at-risk children and guide interventions.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

A clinical review of all pediatric deaths in England from March 2020 to February 2021 attributes 25 deaths to SARS-CoV-2 infection and identifies risk factors to guide interventions.

Combined analysis of Chang’e-3 in situ measurements and Chang’e-5 laboratory samples, with an updated chronology from Chang’e-5 data, reconstructed the relation between age and composition of young lunar mare basalts. Results indicate persistent volcanism 2 Gyr ago, indicative of the presence of a heat source at the time.

The lowest-frequency gravitational wave background may be shaped by supermassive black hole binaries that scatter nearby stars or dark matter. In this case, the NANOGrav 15-year dataset favours dense galactic centres with 10⁶ solar masses per cubic parsec.

Here researchers reveal a microexon in the Ank3 gene encoding Ankyrin G allows cortical interneurons to fine-tune calcium signaling and firing, revealing the contribution of alternative splicing to the functional diversity among different types of neurons.

There is a transition between four distinct microalgae communities through a mosaic of habitats with different physicochemical conditions associated with the aging of the Amazon River plume, progressing from dominance by cryptophytes and diatoms in young to haptophytes and pico-cyanobacteria in aged plume water. Nitrogen stable isotopes of amino acids show an increase in mixotrophy among the microalgae in mature waters of the plume, highlighting the importance of heterotrophic strategies for maximizing microalgae growth in nitrogen limited environments.

Here, the authors report that the protein language model ESM-2 is broadly useful for variant effect prediction, including unobserved changes, and can be applied to understand novel viral pathogens with the potential to be applied to any protein sequence, pathogen or otherwise.

In a phase 2 trial evaluating healthy donor fecal microbial transplantation plus either anti-PD-1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer or anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 in patients with melanoma, encouraging efficacy was seen in both cohorts, with responses linked to significantly greater loss of baseline bacterial species.

Here the authors show that rRNA methylase DIMT-1 regulates aging by acting after mid-life in the germline, regulating specialized ribosomes that perform selective translation of mRNAs important for longevity. Thus revealing an additional layer of proteome dysfunction as an aging regulator.

Here, the authors analyze the microbiome composition and resistome pre-, during- and post-antibiotic exposure in Malawian adults, and find that commonly used antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, exert strong off-target effects, both increasing abundance of opportunistic pathogens and the prevalence of a wide number of antibiotic resistance genes.