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Global analysis of obesity trends from 1980 to 2024 in 200 countries and territories using data from 4,050 population-based studies reveals that framing obesity as a single global epidemic masks the highly varied dynamics across countries and age groups.

Mitochondrial cristae structure is essential for energy production and immune regulation, but therapeutic strategies targeting cristae remodeling are lacking. Here, the authors show that targeting triose phosphate isomerase 1 restores cristae architecture, rewires microglial metabolism, and protects against ischemic stroke.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often linked to disrupted bile acid homeostasis. Here, the authors show hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting the formation of RAN/CRM1/PPARα nuclear export heterotrimer, resulting in increased nuclear localization of PPARα and activated fatty acid oxidation.

The authors report a kinetic resolution of racemic amino acids with L-pyroglutaminol as an esterification reagent, via a phosphine oxide organocatalytic system, which provides a wide range of chiral esters and recovered amino acids with excellent stereoselectivities.

A candidate-based genetic screen in Drosophila expressing 30 G₄C₂-repeat-containing RNAs finds that RanGAP, a key regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport, is a potent suppressor of neurodegeneration; the defects caused by the G₄C₂ repeat expansions can be rescued with antisense oligonucleotides or small molecules targeting the G-quadruplexes.

The impact of cooling through the Eocene-Oligocene transition on the marine biosphere is not well constrained. Here the authors construct a high-resolution record of foraminiferal species richness history spanning this transition that reveals differential diversity trends depending on foraminiferal habitat and life mode.

Regenerative agriculture promises lower emissions and healthier soils, but results vary by environment and practice. Across four diverse rainfall zones, this study finds that practices that yielded the largest soil carbon gains and greatest greenhouse gas mitigation were not always the most profitable, underscoring the need for context-specific evaluation using multiple sustainability metrics.

The RNA for ALS- and frontotemporal dementia-associated C9ORF72 gene is exported from nucleus via an unknown mechanism. This study shows that reduction of nuclear export adaptor SRSF1 can alleviate neuronal cell death and nuclear export of C9ORF72 inDrosophilaand patient-derived induced motor neurons.

The DAMPE satellite observed a universal charge-dependent spectral softening in primary cosmic rays, and ruled out mass-dependent softening with >99.999% confidence.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

Cell type labelling in single-cell datasets remains a major bottleneck. Here, the authors present AnnDictionary, an open-source toolkit that enables atlas-scale analysis and provides the first benchmark of LLMs for de novo cell type annotation from marker genes, showing high accuracy at low cost.

Working off the native fast vertical shifting capability of EM-CCDs, SpeedyTrack achieves microsecond time-resolution single-molecule tracking and super-resolution mapping in the wide field without the need to modify existing optics or electronics.

Some cholesterol-lowering drugs can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, but the mechanism behind this is not fully understood. Here the authors show that there is a single genetic regulatory module that influences both cholesterol levels and glucose levels, providing a link between cholesterol levels and diabetes.

City parks clearly promote health, but understanding the distribution of healthful park elements and spaces is challenging. This study scored thousands of parks across 35 major cities worldwide and found that North American parks emphasize physical activity, European parks more often promote nature appreciation and centrally located parks tend to better support health-promoting activities.

The biomolecular principles underlying the formation of multiphasic condensates have been difficult to elucidate owing to a paucity of tools, especially within living cells. In this work synthetic orthogonal protein scaffolds alongside molecular simulations are used to highlight how the oligomerization of disordered proteins can asymmetrically drive miscibility–immiscibility transitions.

Benchmarking of tumor subclonal reconstruction algorithms finds that interalgorithm variability overwhelms intertumor variability and identifies key quality metrics.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have substantial environmental and health hazards, but their persistence and stability challenge remediation efforts. Now, a lithium-metal-mediated electroreduction strategy has been developed to effectively degrade PFAS with a high defluorination efficiency across different functional end groups while allowing for upcycling of the released fluoride.

The study used snMultiome-seq to map gene expression and chromatin accessibility in human central amygdala cells from people with and without AUD. Here, the authors show that inhibitory neurons are most affected, with KLF16-driven regulatory changes and AUD-risk variants disrupting gene activity.

New genome-wide data sheds light on the complex demographic histories of isolation, expansion, and contact among Mainland Southeast Asian Austroasiatic speakers, and also illuminate historical gene flow from East and South Asia into Mainland Southeast Asia.

Park et al. find that emotionally arousing moments during a narrative are associated with heightened integration across functional brain networks, which in turn predicts how well those moments are subsequently remembered.

Ancient genome-wide data of 722 individuals and interdisciplinary analysis of large seventh- to eighth-century ce neighbouring cemeteries near Vienna are used to address the impact of the encounter between Eastern Asian Avars and Europeans.

Endothelial RAB5IF is a critical proangiogenic regulator of both normal and pathological retinal angiogenesis. Here the authors show that RAB5IF-SUMO2-Gαi1/3 signaling axis drives this process, presenting new therapeutic targets for neovascular eye diseases.

A comprehensive analysis of the cell-specific molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying post-traumatic stress disorder in the human prefrontal cortex.

With the generation of large pan-cancer whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing projects, a question remains about how comparable these datasets are. Here, using The Cancer Genome Atlas samples analysed as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project, the authors explore the concordance of mutations called by whole exome sequencing and whole genome sequencing techniques.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

A multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of problematic alcohol use in one million individuals identified 110 risk variants and shows that multi-ancestry polygenic scores improve risk prediction compared with single-ancestry scores

The hippocampus maps space, but its role in encoding investigatory intentions is unclear. Here the authors show that certain CA1 neurons encode both spatial information and animals’ intention to explore, depending on input from lateral entorhinal cortex.

Near-gapless and haplotype-resolved genome assemblies of the dwarfing ‘M9’ and semi-vigorous ‘MM106’ rootstocks and a major apple cultivar ‘Fuji’ provide insights into the genetic basis of rootstock-induced dwarfing traits.

Single-cell transcriptomic profiling of immune cells in the blood and liver of a human decedent receiving a pig liver xenograft reveals impaired adaptive immunity and monocyte features that may induce T cell exhaustion and contribute to platelet activation.

The authors analyze rare coding variants in 1990 individuals with congenital kidney anomalies, finding diagnostic variants in 14.1% of cases. They identify two new causal genes, ARID3A and NR6A1, along with 38 candidate genes, providing evidence for shared genetics with other developmental disorders.

The climate crisis will increase the frequency of extreme weather events. Harrison et al. show that while global waterlogging-induced yield losses increase from 3–11% historically to 10–20% by 2080, adapting sowing periods and adopting waterlogging-tolerant genotypes can negate such yield losses.

The practical application of electrosynthesis of propylene oxide is hindered by limited performance. Here, the authors report a spatial decoupling strategy by utilizing the bromide mediator to link propylene and anode within separated reactors, realizing high-performance electrosynthesis of propylene oxide.

Germ granules help to maintain germ cell totipotency. Here, authors identify a distinct subcompartment of the C. elegans germ granule, the E granule, and show that defects in its assembly elicit disordered production of endogenous siRNAs that disturbs fertility and the RNAi response.

CMAP is a method that maps large-scale individual cells to their precise spatial locations by integrating single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data through a divide-and-conquer strategy, supporting diverse data types and mapping scenarios.

TIP60-mediated crotonylation of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein EB1 at Lys66 regulates attachment of astral microtubules to the lateral cell cortex and spindle positioning.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene)’s (PVDF-TrFE) piezoelectricity can be enhanced by annealing, however current annealing methods are slow. Here, the authors perform ultra-fast flash annealing of PVDF-TrFE to achieve a high piezoelectricity.

Inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 interaction with ACE2 is a promising antiviral strategy. Here, the authors show that exosomes derived from human lung spheroid cells expressing hACE2 accumulate in the lung following prophylactic inhalation to bind and neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and protect mice from SARS-CoV-2-induced disease.

Understanding deregulation of biological pathways in cancer can provide insight into disease etiology and potential therapies. Here, as part of the PanCancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) consortium, the authors present pathway and network analysis of 2583 whole cancer genomes from 27 tumour types.

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is a cosmopolitan agricultural pest. By analyzing 532 genomes from 114 populations around the world, the authors find evidence supporting a South American origin of this moth, and look for signatures of positive selection.

A pan-cancer genomic analysis reports the effects of structural variations on chromatin domains (TADs). Most TAD disruptions do not result in appreciable changes in expression of nearby genes.

An analysis of 2,954 genomes from 38 cancer subtypes identified 19,166 retrotransposition events in 35% of samples. Aberrant LINE-1 retrotranspositions can lead to the deletion of tumor-suppressor genes as well as the amplification of oncogenes.

The characterization of 4,645 whole-genome and 19,184 exome sequences, covering most types of cancer, identifies 81 single-base substitution, doublet-base substitution and small-insertion-and-deletion mutational signatures, providing a systematic overview of the mutational processes that contribute to cancer development.

The fungal genus Armillaria includes virulent necrotrophic pathogens, unusual wood decayers and the largest terrestrial organisms on Earth. Sahu et al. suggest that horizontal gene transfer contributed to the evolution of some of these unique traits.

Machine-learned potentials are accurate but often lack broad applicability. Here, authors develop a general-purpose neuroevolution potential for 16 metals and their alloys, achieving efficient and accurate predictions of various physical properties.

Superconductivity mediated by phonons is usually conventional due to isotropic electron-phonon coupling. Here, Wang et al. report highly anisotropic phonons only along [001] direction in Sr_0.1Bi₂Se₃, indicating a singular electron-phonon coupling which favors a p-wave nematic superconductivity scenario.

Most cases of craniofacial microsomia are sporadic but familial cases have been reported. Here the authors report that variants in FOXI3 can cause a small fraction of cases with different modes of inheritance including autosomal dominant with reduced penetrance.