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Non-equilibrium two-dimensional melting is less understood than its equilibrium counterpart. Now it is shown that topologically driven melting in a two-dimensional crystal of charged colloids is the same irrespective of the mechanisms that generate the defects

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Understanding collective behaviour is an important aspect of managing the pandemic response. Here the authors show in a large global study that participants that reported identifying more strongly with their nation reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies in the context of the pandemic.

Krisai et al. compare brain structure and cognitive function in elderly patients with and without atrial fibrillation using brain MRI and cognitive testing. They find that atrial fibrillation is associated with more brain lesions and lower cognitive function, but the cognitive impairment occurs primarily through direct effects of the arrhythmia rather than through brain damage.

Psychological distress is associated with a range of adverse outcomes in people living with and beyond cancer (LWBC). In here, the authors find that psychological distress is associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cancer mortality in people with LWBC, partly due to high systemic inflammation. However, evidence for mediation by health behaviours is found to be inconsistent.

Seufert et al. analyse chromatin accessibility to identify sites that open simultaneously in response to TNF. They discover two distinct types of co-accessible regulatory module for controlling the induction of proinflammatory gene expression.

In this work, fragments identified by 19F-NMR are optimized into submicromolar binders of the MITF transcription factor. These results support direct targeting of bHLH-LZ DNA binding domains and provide a foundation for the development of new melanoma therapies.

Recent work has demonstrated a continuous time crystal in an electron-nuclear spin system in the InGaAs semiconductor. Here, using periodic modulation, the authors reveal effects of synchronization, quasi-periodic, and chaotic dynamics, demonstrating universal nonlinear effects in a time-crystalline platform.

Reassessment of paleodata, atmospheric and hydrologic modelling explain why some 10,000 to 5000 years ago, deep crater lakes could exist in the Tibesti volcanic complex, the highest mountain range in the today hyper-arid Sahara.

Sinonasal tumour diagnosis can be complicated by the heterogeneity of disease and classification systems. Here, the authors use machine learning to classify sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas into 4 molecular classe with differences in differentiation state and clinical outcome.

Graphite intercalation compounds are promising precursors for the reductive exfoliation of graphene. Here, the authors unveil the discharging mechanism of reduced graphitic compounds in a solid/liquid phase reaction, and further demonstrate its practical use for graphene production.

Palladium-catalysed allylic substitution is a widely used method in organic synthesis, although it requires prefunctionalized starting materials or stoichiometric oxidants. Here the authors report a radical route to form π-allylpalladium complexes, and develop a 1,4-aminoalkylation of dienes under redox-neutral conditions.

The advantage of living in cities compared with rural areas with respect to height and BMI in children and adolescents has generally become smaller globally from 1990 to 2020, except in sub-Saharan Africa.

A genetic study identifies hundreds of loci associated with risk tolerance and risky behaviors, finds evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across these phenotypes, and implicates genes involved in neurotransmission.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

Truncated version of adenylyl cyclase 3 acts as a cold-induced rheostat during long-term brown adipose tissue activation.

Eye2Gene’s next-generation phenotyping of multimodal images increases diagnostic yield for inherited retinal diseases by improving screening, phenotype-driven variant prioritization and automatic similarity matching in phenotypic space to drive gene discovery.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is emerging as a potential treatment for several chronic diseases. Here, the authors describe a VNS method using intermittent interferential current stimulation (i²CS) that allows precise control of organ-specific fiber activation in swine.

A connectome of the right optic lobe from a male fruitfly is presented together with an extensive collection of genetic drivers matched to a comprehensive neuron-type catalogue.

Application of a nanopore sequencing workflow for real-time analysis of brain tumors results in molecular classification within a 30-minute intraoperative window, followed by comprehensive profiling within 24 hours.

Epicardial engineered heart muscle allografts from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes can safely and effectively remuscularize chronically failing hearts in rhesus macaques, leading to improved cardiac function and paving the way for human clinical trials.

Pathology-oriented multiplexing (PathoPlex) represents a framework for widespread access to multiplexed imaging and computational image analysis of clinical specimens at a relatively high throughput and subcellular resolution.

The molecular landscape of chromothriptic medulloblastoma remains to be characterised. Here, spatial transcriptomics analysis of 13 chromothriptic and non-chromothriptic medulloblastomas identifies distinct spatial composition patterns and cell communication networks in these tumours.

A large-scale multi-omics analysis reports oncogenic alterations that drive medulloblastoma progression, rather than initiation, and the findings show how single-cell technologies can be used for early detection and diagnosis of medulloblastoma.

In this Stage 2 Registered Report, Buchanan et al. show evidence confirming the phenomenon of semantic priming across speakers of 19 diverse languages.

The inner ear is responsible for hearing and balance control. Here, the authors examine evolutionary convergence in the inner ear morphology of Afrotheria species and similar, non-Afrotheria analogue species, finding unexpectedly high evolvability.

P. falciparum and vivax are responsible for most cases of malaria but are not genetically closely related and differ in their clinical and epidemiological impacts. In this study, the authors investigate the genomic and epidemiological characteristics of the two parasites in a co-endemic setting of Guyana.

New treatments for cocaine use disorder (CocUD) require an understanding of the underlying neurobiology. Here, the authors show opposing effects of ZEB1 in CocUD and highlight disrupted synaptic signaling and phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets.

Studying cell polarity is often limited by the complexity and variety of image data. Polarity-JaM is a software suite streamlining cell polarity analysis with easy-to-use tools and interfaces demonstrated for endothelial cell behaviour.

A population of highly interconnected cells in glioblastoma makes these tumours resistant to general damage but vulnerable to targeted disruption of this small fraction of cells and their rhythmic Ca²⁺ oscillations.

Tracking the behaviour of normal versus microbiome-free honeybees in experimental colonies, the authors show that gut microbiota colonization was associated with an increase in the rate and specificity of social interactions among bees and higher abundances of brain metabolites linked to these interactions.

Individuals with social disadvantage, during both early and later life, have an increased risk of 66 age-related diseases mediated by 14 age-related proteins.

Gold redox catalysis is an attractive synthetic method but challenging due to the high redox potential of Au(I)/Au(III). Now, a bidentate N-ligand-assisted gold redox catalysis using H₂O₂ as oxidant has been developed. It can be applied to various coupling reactions, including C(sp)–C(sp) cross-coupling, alkynylative cyclization and bicyclization coupling.

Understanding protein dynamics is a complex scientific challenge. Here, authors construct coarse-grained molecular potentials using artificial neural networks, significantly accelerating protein dynamics simulations while preserving their thermodynamics.

Antibody immunoprophylaxis for HIV-1 will require effective concentration of biologics at mucosal sites of exposure for effectivity. Here the authors show that infused Fc-modified VRC01LS antibody has increased levels in blood, in the female genital tract and male rectal tissue, compared to native antibody VRC01. VRC01LS is detectable for more than year at the sites of sexual HIV transmission.

Molecular approaches in quantum information science are highly promising, but the synthesis and scale-up of suitable covalently linked moieties represent major challenges. Here it is demonstrated that efficient spin mixing between photogenerated spin centres is possible through hydrogen bonds, advancing supramolecular chemistry as a valuable tool to address these challenges.

Preclinical molecular models are useful that mimic a patient´s response to targeted therapy. Here, the authors establish an in vivo inducible RNAi-mediated gene silencing system in patient-derived xenograft models of acute leukemia to identify individual vulnerabilities and therapeutic targets.

The adipokine endotrophin promotes tumour inflammation and angiogenesis, but its effects on adipose tissue are unclear. Here, Sun et al.show that endotrophin promotes adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis, and that injections of an anti-endotrophin antibody improve metabolic parameters of mice on a high-fat diet.

A technique that combines retrograde axon tracing with single-cell transcriptomics is used to characterize neurons innervating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and healthy pancreas, providing insight into the role of neural connections in cancer progression.

The second Global Amphibian Assessment finds that the status of amphibians is continuing to deteriorate globally, driven predominantly by climate change, disease and habitat loss.

In this Consensus Statement, an international panel of experts present an overview of the latest developments in the field of cholangiocarcinoma. A set of consensus recommendations and research priorities is provided.

In glioblastoma (GBM), tumour microtubes (TM) connect tumour cells to a broader cellular network, with roles in tumour progression and therapy resistance. Here, the authors combine a dye uptake method in GBM xenograft models with subsequent scRNA-seq to infer a TM connectivity signature, finding CHI3L1 as a marker of connectivity.

Swarm Learning is a decentralized machine learning approach that outperforms classifiers developed at individual sites for COVID-19 and other diseases while preserving confidentiality and privacy.