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Five years of experimental warming on the Tibetan Plateau reveals a permafrost tipping point at 2–4 °C. Deep carbon is released faster than plants can capture it, transforming ecosystems into strong carbon sources that intensify climate change.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and TGF-β can affect the function and phenotype of Th17 cells. Here the authors used single-cell multi-omics to profile human peripheral blood T cells cultured with activation stimuli, IL-1β and IL-23 alone or combined with PGE₂, TGF-β or both and characterised the resultant chromatin accessibility and transcriptional profile changes.

The ability to diagnosing and differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage from ischemic stroke is clinically needed. Here, the authors report on a rapid blood test which analyses protein signatures from 90-180 nm extracellular vesicles for prehospital diagnosis.

Zinc isotopes in basalts along a 1,100-km transect of the Gakkel Ridge record widespread mantle recycling of surface carbonates via ancient oceanic subduction, explaining the unusually carbon-rich nature of the Arctic asthenosphere.

This study delineates lifespan changes in the sensorimotor-association gradient using multimodal neuroimaging data from 33,247 participants, revealing a pattern aligned with evolutionary, structural, and cognitive hierarchies within a unified neurodevelopmental framework.

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is a regulatory element involved in genomic stability and gene regulation. This study identifies widespread eccDNA in early mammalian embryos. These eccDNAs arise from active genomic regions, increase during a major wave of gene activation, and can regulate key developmental genes.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune condition and treatment options have limited efficacy. Here, by analysis clinical samples and employing preclinical models, the authors show that cGAMP levels are elevated in the plasma of patients with SLE and that loss of cGAS ameliorates symptoms in an imiquimod-induced lupus model. Importantly, they identify prasugel as a cGAS inhibitor with promising therapeutic potential.

The COMPASSION16 trial showed survival benefits of cadonilimab plus standard therapy in advanced cervical cancer. Here, subgroup analysis confirms consistent progression-free and overall survival improvements across diverse patient profiles.

High-latitude soils are future soil organic carbon loss hotspots, with losses dominated by particulate organic carbon (POC). The fraction of POC in total SOC (f_POC) is a key indicator, emphasizing the climate importance of preserving POC.

Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation is essential for spermatogenesis, but how transcription is silenced after initiation remains unclear. Here, authors show that nucleolar components NPM1, SENP3 and rRNA form a phase-separated compartment that excludes RNA polymerase II to enforce XY chromosome silencing.

BMP–Smad signaling is essential for mammalian primordial germ cell (PGC) fate specification, but whether BMP signaling functions in the zebrafish germline remains elusive. Here they show that BMP signaling is required for PGC proliferation but not fate specification.

Oxide memristors exhibit noise in excess of 2–4 orders of magnitude above the baseline at quantized conductance states. Here, the authors measure anomalous electrical noise at these states in tantalum oxide memristors and relate it to thermally-activated atomic fluctuations by numerical simulations.

The vinylcyclopropane–cyclopentene (VCP–CPent) rearrangement is a fundamental method for constructing five-membered carbocycles from vinylcyclopropanes. Now an enantioconvergent VCP–CPent rearrangement has been developed, enabling the conversion of racemic VCP into chiral cyclopentene products. Vessel-controlled chemodivergence selectively delivers either gem-difluorocyclopentenes or cyclopentenones from identical substrates.

This work shows a sustainable, scalable and cost-effective synthetic process from polyacrylonitrile precursors for the production of high-performance carbon anode in lithium-ion batteries.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) contribute to tissue repair and regeneration by activating pro-repair macrophages. However, the precise signaling governing this crosstalk upon injury is elusive. Here, using a mouse model of endovascular injury and single-cell RNA sequencing, the authors identify an IL-33–ST2–OPN axis that orchestrates the functional interaction between MSCs and reparative ST2+ macrophages, stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell and vascular repair.

Measurement-based quantum computing implements quantum algorithms by performing sequences of measurements on special classes of entangled states, such as cluster states. This approach has now been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

This study highlights the Wheat Spatial Omics Consortium, which aims to build a spatiotemporal single-cell atlas of wheat in response to different treatments, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable and climate-resilient wheat.

Xiang, Wang, Tian et al. report that during nutrient insufficiency, inflammatory cytokines promote a ZBTB5-mediated mechanism to activate mTORC1 signalling, thereby enhancing amino acid uptake in tumour cells and restricting antitumour immune response.

Global Burden of Disease analysis found that in 2023, suboptimal diet was estimated to be responsible for 4 million deaths and 97 million morbidity burdens from ischemic heart disease.

A centimetre-scale convolutional spectrometer offers high performance, low cost and ~500-nm bandwidth. The system classifies diverse solid samples and quantifies concentrations of solutions with detection accuracy surpassing commercial benchtop spectrometers.

Robustness checks and reproduction of analyses with existing and updated data based on 110 articles in economics and political science journals with data and code-sharing requirements found high levels of robustness and reproducibility and determined that robustness was not dependent on author characteristics or data availability.

Chen, Cai et al., present a rigorous human-in-the-loop framework for evaluating the medical performance of AI-generated responses to real clinical questions, using a scale aligned with physician career stages. Although some models perform at levels comparable to early-career physicians, substantial rates of incompetent answers and hallucinations demonstrate that unmonitored clinical deployment remains risky, underscoring the continuing need for expert oversight.

Qi Wu and colleagues report a field trial integrating fixed and mobile networks over a single optical carrier using amplitude phase layered modulation. Their approach simultaneously delivers 128 Gb/s digital data and high fidelity analog wireless signals up to 16384-QAM over 109 km, supporting advanced modulation formats and achieving record performance, highlighting a scalable path toward converged 6G ready fiber infrastructures.

The authors report a strategy for the selective capture of high-purity trisulfide and tetrasulfide reagents resulting from electrochemical sulfide oxidation that enables efficient crosslinking for polythioether synthesis and polymer upgrading.

In situ microscopic single-particle imaging demonstrates the significance of rationally engineered metal–support interfaces for activating the oxygen in bulk catalyst, helping elucidate reaction pathways in catalytic conversions.

This study uncovers how amyloid-β boosts astrocyte calcium activity, increasing cholesterol and disrupting brain waste clearance in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Targeting astrocyte calcium or cholesterol restores clearance and improves cognition.

Fabricating coloured radiative cooling coatings that are easy to produce and do not compromise cooling performance is challenging. Ying Liu et al. develop a one-step fabrication method that yields coloured ethyl cellulose coatings while preserving high solar reflectance.

Zhang et al. demonstrate that cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury leads to the accumulation of glutamylated microtubules, which disrupts connexin 43 trafficking and promotes arrhythmias. They further show that targeting microtubule glutamylation or spastin preserves electrical stability and protects the heart from injury.

NatD is an acetyltransferase responsible for N-α-terminal acetylation of the histone H4 and H2A and has been linked to cell growth. Here the authors show that NatD-mediated acetylation of histone H4 serine 1 competes with the phosphorylation by CK2α at the same residue thus leading to the upregulation of Slug and tumor progression.

The CMS experiment at CERN reports one of the highest-precision measurements of the W boson mass, finding it in line with standard model predictions and at odds with recent anomalous measurements.

BioMedAgent is a self-evolving LLM multi-agent framework that learns to use various bioinformatics tools and chain them into executable workflows for autonomously carrying out diverse biomedical data tasks initiated by natural-language prompts.

Organo-electrocatalysts that can be used for both inorganic and organic conversions have been reported, ranging from laboratory-scale to large-scale reactions. This work demonstrates the application of a range of amide-based catalysts on electrodes to drive various reactions, including the chlorine evolution reaction and other chlorine-related organic transformations.

The precise molecular and physiological functions of the iron transporter Slc22a17 remain poorly understood. Here authors report mice lacking Slc22a17 expression in the brain suffer from iron overload, oxidative stress, and learning deficits.

Androgen activity in the male embryonic hindbrain prolongs hindbrain differentiation in male individuals and drives sex differences in the incidence and prognosis of posterior fossa type A (PFA) ependymoma, an aggressive childhood brain tumour.

A deep-learning algorithm that removes patient-identifying information from facial images, while retaining sufficient information for accurate disease diagnosis, has the potential to protect patient privacy and facilitate public acceptance of facial imaging for use in digital medicine.

A widely applicable, cost-effective, easily accessible and handleable, highly active, and recyclable d3-methylation reagent remains has not yet been reported. Here, the authors design a thianthrene-based organic polymer that shows the ability of capturing and releasing a d3-methyl reagent.

Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines proved highly effective during the COVID-19 pandemic, but how their chemical components collectively program immune responses has remained incompletely understood. Now, new work shows that both mRNA cargo and LNP materials provide layered chemical signals that instruct vaccine immunity.