Search

The processes that lead to losses of highly energetic particles from Earth’s radiation belts remain poorly understood. Here the authors compare observations and models of a 2013 event to show that electromagnetic ioncyclotron waves provide the dominant loss mechanism at ultra-relativistic energies.

Large-effect variants in autism remain elusive. Here, the authors use long-read sequencing to assemble phased genomes for 189 individuals, identifying pathogenic variants in TBL1XR1, MECP2, and SYNGAP1, plus nine candidate structural variants missed by short-read methods.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

Two main acceleration mechanisms in the auroral acceleration region are electric potential and Alfvénic acceleration but associated energy dynamics are not completely resolved. Here, the authors show that Alfvén waves power the Earth’s auroral arc through a static potential drop in the auroral acceleration region.

DBiTplus represents an integrated experimental and computational workflow that unifies sequencing-based and imaging-based spatial omics, demonstrated by combining transcriptomic profiling and multiplexed protein imaging on the same tissue section.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Amorphous films with tunable thermal conductivity are needed for semiconductor/aerospace fields. Amorphous Al(Ti)N nanoparticles have negligible effect on thermal conductivity of Si₃N₄ 2 W m⁻¹K⁻¹, while incorporating crystal TiN phases increases to 15 W m⁻¹K⁻¹.

Understanding the architectural principles shape human brain networks is a major challenge for systems neuroscience. Here, authors show embryogenic age is associated with functional and structural brain architecture and that embryonic age gradients are associated with genes related to nervous system development and vulnerability to neurological disorders.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

The anterior cingulate cortex encodes affective pain behaviours modulated by opioids; targeting opioid-sensitive neurons through a new chemogenetic gene therapy replicates the analgesic effects of morphine, providing precise chronic pain relief without affecting sensory detection.

Proteomics must target specific synapse types to reveal how molecules shape their unique functions. Here, authors show that hippocampal synapses differ in proteome and that neuron-specific glutamate receptor regulation shapes synaptic diversity.

This study identifies key neurocognitive domains that distinguish patients with schizophrenia from healthy individuals using machine learning. Analyzing data from 1,304 participants, it demonstrates that verbal learning and emotion identification effectively classify conditions, promoting efficient neurocognitive profiling strategies.

The Van Allen radiation belts are two rings of charged particles encircling the Earth. Therefore the transient appearance in 2012 of a third ring between the inner and outer belts was a surprise. A study of the ultrarelativistic electrons in this middle ring reveals new physics for particles above 2 MeV.

Visual experience synchronizes V1–LM theta oscillations, strengthens V1 → LM connectivity, and drives dendritic spine remodeling in WT mice, the processes disrupted in Fmr1 KO mice, revealing impaired inter-areal binding in Fragile X syndrome.

Electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts can have energies in excess of 7 MeV, however, the energization mechanism is debated. Here, the authors show phase space density peaks in magnetic coordinate space as a way of analyzing satellite observations which demonstrates that local acceleration is capable of heating electrons up to 7 MeV.

The Van Allen radiation belts contain ultra-relativistic electrons that pose significant risks to Earth-orbiting spacecraft, yet the mechanisms behind their acceleration remain unclear. Here, the authors demonstrate that extremely low plasma density conditions during the 20 April 2017 geostorm enabled electron acceleration to multi-MeV energies, highlighting the critical role of plasma waves and suggesting similar processes may occur in other astrophysical environments.

The Van Allen radiation belts are two zones of energetic particles encircling the Earth, but how electrons are accelerated to relativistic energies remains unclear. Here, the authors analyse a radiation belt event and provide evidence in favour of the ULF wave-driven radial diffusion mechanism.

A previously unsampled deep lineage in central Argentina was discovered that had distinctive genetic drift by 8,500 bp and persisted as the main Native American ancestry component in the region up to the present day.

Many approaches exist to process data from individual imaging modalities, but integrating them is challenging. The authors develop an automated resource that enables co-registered network- and tract-level analysis of macroscopic in-vivo imaging and microscopic imaging of cleared tissue.

Brain-wide recordings in mice reveal that prior expectations are distributed through recurrent loops across all levels of cortical and subcortical processing.

The textile industry’s reliance on synthetic dyes is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Here the authors describe a process involving sustainable solvents that allows the extraction, purification, and reuse of dyes, as well as the recycling of dye-free fabrics.

Dense calcium imaging combined with co-registered high-resolution electron microscopy reconstruction of the brain of the same mouse provide a functional connectomics map of tens of thousands of neurons of a region of the primary cortex and higher visual areas.

This study reveals that anti-NS1 IgA antibodies in plasma, induced by prior Zika virus infection, activate neutrophils, underlying severe dengue disease upon a subsequent DENV2 infection, uncovering a pathogenic mechanism relevant for vaccines and therapeutics.

The authors previously pinpointed OLAH (oleoyl-ACP-hydrolase) as a driver of life-threatening viral diseases. Here, the authors identify increased IL-18Rα expression on CD8⁺ T cells, which acquire a reduced cytotoxic signature, correlates with severe respiratory viral infection of influenza A virus, RSV and COVID-19.

In situ spatial transcriptomic analysis of more than 1 million cells are used to create a 200-nm-resolution spatial molecular atlas of the adult mouse central nervous system and identify previously unknown tissue architectures.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

This multi-omic longitudinal analysis of the healthy human peripheral immune system constructs the Human Immune Health Atlas and assembles data on immune cell composition and state changes with age, including responses to cytomegalovirus infection and influenza vaccination.

The authors mapped the dendritic morphology of thousands of striatal D1-type and D2-type medium spiny neurons in healthy and Huntington’s disease mouse brains, revealing dendritic modules with distinct neuronal shapes, spatial distributions and cortical inputs.

Why are some species widespread while others are found only in small, isolated areas? This study shows that species with narrow ranges, and thus higher extinction risk, are often island-restricted, poor dispersers, and have evolved relatively recently.

The International Brain Laboratory presents a brain-wide electrophysiological map obtained from pooling data from 12 laboratories that performed the same standardized perceptual decision-making task in mice.

ESPRESSO leverages functional information obtained from organelles for deep spatiotemporal phenotyping of single cells.

Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as powerful tools in healthcare, with a growing role in global health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This Perspective examines the current progress, challenges and prospects of LLMs in addressing health system disparities and supporting achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Scattering by the upper- and lower-band chorus waves are the dominant cause of diffuse auroral precipitation. Here, the authors show that the lower-band chorus alone satisfies the preferred condition for the generation of second harmonics to trigger the diffuse auroral electron precipitation.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Gut bacteria digest dietary fiber and release molecules as energy for the host. Here, Yu et al. find that the ability of certain gut bacteria to digest different fibers influences host consumption of food containing these fibers.

Xenotransplantation of a genetically edited pig kidney with a thymic autograft into a brain-dead human for 61 days with immunosuppression resulted in stable kidney function without proteinuria, and xenograft rejection was treated and reversed by the end of the study.

How macroscale connectivity relates to regional micro-architecture is poorly understood. Here, the authors annotate brain networks with microarchitectural attributes, finding that the interplay between connection patterns and biological annotations shape regional functional specialization.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Inaccuracies in RNA splicing may play a significant role in aging and disease. Here, the authors present a comprehensive characterization of splicing accuracy across over 14,000 human samples, offering valuable insights into the impact of splicing inaccuracies on aging and neurodegeneration.

Anatomical segmentation of high-resolution 3D microscopy datasets is necessary to map large samples at cellular resolution. Here the authors present a pipeline for automated mouse atlas propagation (aMAP) to segment fluorescence images of the adult mouse brain and validate it against human segmentations.

Nickelate superconductors attract enormous attention in the field of high-temperature superconductivity. Here the authors report observation of perfect diamagnetism and interfacial effect on the electronic structures in infinite layer Nd_0.8Sr_0.2NiO₂ superconductors.

How reduced blood flow plays a role in progressive white matter loss during aging and associated cognitive decline is unclear. Here the authors show that selective constriction and rarefaction of capillary–venous networks contribute to age-related hypoperfusion and white matter damage in mice.

Transferrin receptor (TfR) and CD98hc are increasingly used to enable more effective drug delivery to the central nervous system. Here, the authors reveal comprehensive and distinct brain cellular and whole body biodistribution patterns of TfR- and CD98hc-binding molecules.

Analyses of consummatory reproductive behaviours in male mice uncover a brain mechanism whereby an internal state can attribute a social quality to a generic touch to initiate purposeful reproductive actions.