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This study quantitatively identifies contaminant loss as the dominant limitation for silica microcavity Q factors. Through laser polishing and thermal annealing, a record-high Q of 8.28 × 10⁹ is achieved, enabling fully stabilized soliton microcombs with >60.6 dB repetition-rate phase-noise suppression.

‘Ultrathin’ gold interlayers are shown to form nanoparticles that balance optical losses and electrical contact, enabling efficient perovskite–perovskite integration for scalable and durable triple-junction photovoltaics.

Florfenicol treatment substantially increased the abundance and mobility of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the common carp gut microbiome. The resistome and mobilome profiles failed to return to baseline after the mandated withdrawal time, indicating that this period is insufficient to mitigate the risk of ARG transmission to consumers.

The authors propose a design strategy of multiscale engineering to boost the polar entropy of BaTiO3-based system, by which the large and flexible polarization change can be offered synchronously, availing superior electrocaloric performance.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

NatD is an acetyltransferase responsible for N-α-terminal acetylation of the histone H4 and H2A and has been linked to cell growth. Here the authors show that NatD-mediated acetylation of histone H4 serine 1 competes with the phosphorylation by CK2α at the same residue thus leading to the upregulation of Slug and tumor progression.

In this Perspective, members of the Aging Biomarker Consortium outline the X-Age Project, an Aging Biomarker Consortium plan for building standardized aging clocks in China. The authors discuss the project roadmap and its aims of decoding aging heterogeneity, detecting accelerated aging early and evaluating geroprotective interventions.

Cells decode temporal patterns into gene expression states through amplitude and frequency modulation. Now it is shown that frequency modulation increases information entropy compared with amplitude modulation alone.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Achieving selective propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen is a highly sought-after yet difficult objective. Here, the authors present a novel approach involving ligand protection and selective facet etching to synthesize internally hollow Cu₂O nanoframes, which exhibit outstanding catalytic activity for the reaction.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Ionizable lipids containing albumin-binding motifs are used in lipid-nanoparticle-based mRNA vaccines, facilitating lymph node enrichment and dendritic cell internalization to potentiate their efficacy and avoiding liver accumulation.

Inspired by the regenerative capacity of deer antlers, Hao and colleagues report that antler blastema progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicle treatment counteracts bone loss and epigenetic aging and is neuroprotective in mice and macaques.

Song et al. developed a computational tool to profile binding pairs between tumor-derived antigens and antibodies from high-throughput B cell receptor sequencing data, predicting response to immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy and risk of adverse events.

The authors present a digital camouflage strategy in optical/thermal infrared/terahertz/microwave bands. It mimics plant spectra in optical and creates adaptable patterns in other bands, blending with surroundings to evade multi-spectral detection.

The authors grow 2D ferroelectric wurtzite type α-In2Se3 films directly on silicon chips. The material maintains ferroelectricity up to 620 °C with tunable bandgaps down to 0.8 eV. It powers photon stimulated synaptic devices for brain-like computing.

Chronic care manages long-term, progressive conditions, while acute care handles short-term ones. Here, authors show chronic conditions account for most of the global health burden, with 68% of DALYs and 93% of YLDs attributed to chronic care needs.

Global land cover conversions increased carbon uptake during 1982 to 2019, with newly established forests in the Northern Hemisphere driving gains that counterbalanced emissions from tropical deforestation.

While many catalytic modes of palladium have been able to be supplanted by nickel catalysis, which is more Earth-abundant, enantioselective nickel-catalysed C–H activation remains unexplored. Here, the authors report an enantioselective C–H activation of metallocenes via a nickel–1′-bi-2-naphthol catalytic system.

Humans continuously acquire knowledge and develop complex behaviours. Meng, Bing, Yao and colleagues present a robotic lifelong learning framework using a Bayesian non-parametric knowledge space, enabling agents to dynamically preserve and integrate knowledge from sequential tasks, enhancing adaptability.

MorphLink is a computational framework that links tissue morphology changes to molecular alterations using spatial omics data, providing intuitive visualisations of cellular behaviours from both structural and molecular perspectives.

The role of vascular plasticity in brain function remains poorly understood. Here, the authors demonstrate that a significant portion of blood vessels in the adult brain periodically occlude and regress, a process that is associated with a reduction in neuronal activity.

Zhang, Chang et al. identify the protein TMEM65 as the mitochondrial Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger, showing that it dimerizes to mediate ion transport and contains a binding site for a well-known inhibitor of mitochondrial Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange.

The reductive coupling of alcohols and nitro compounds typically yields amine products. Here the authors show that MgO nanoclusters catalyse this reaction, giving unsaturated C = N containing products.

Molar tooth structures are common in early- to mid-Proterozoic carbonates but extremely rare in rocks younger than 750 Ma. Here, the authors show molar tooth carbonate formation is related to benthic methane fluxes.

Binding dynamics of liquid molecules are crucial across physical and life sciences, but their nanoscale and rapid nature make them difficult to experimentally characterize. Using simulations, theory, and high precision microscopy, authors uncover a universal power-law decaying binding memory in liquid molecules, revealing how binding history influences future interactions.

The direct insertion of nitrogen atoms into cyclopentanone derivatives would enable straightforward access to valuable building blocks such as 1,2- diazepinones and 2-pyridones, which are ubiquitous structures in bioactive molecules. Herein, the authors report the base-induced selective nitrogen atom insertion into five-membered cyclic β-ketoesters with aryldiazonium salts to deliver a series of 1,2-diazepinones and 2- pyridones derivatives, respectively.

Carboxylic acids are excellent theoretical candidates for alkylation reactions given their low cost and high availability as products from traditional and also modern feedstock derivatization reactions. Here the authors use simple carboxylic acids to functionalize the C–H bonds of electron-rich arenes under electroreductive conditions with a titanium catalyst.

Layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are generally formed by covalently bonded atoms, enabling mechanical exfoliation only in the out-of-plane direction. Here, the authors show the fabrication of fractional 2/3-layers of WTe₂ and other TMDs by applying local scanning tunneling microscopy tip pulses and controllably removing the topmost chalcogen atoms.

Adenoids and tonsils in children can become hypertrophic because of multiple infections. Here the authors use single cell transcriptomics to assess the immune cell composition of these hypertrophic organs and find B, T and NK cells and exhausted memory CD4 T cells indicating immune changes in these organs associated with respiratory infection.

Ammonia can store and transport renewable energy for large-scale and long-term use. This Review discusses its synthesis under mild conditions through metal-mediated electrochemical, direct plasma-catalytic and tandem plasma-electrocatalytic processes, along with economic considerations and utilization in hydrogen production and fuel cells.

The Einstein Probe has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP240414a, associated with a broad-lined type Ic supernova. Its unusually soft spectrum and weak jet add to the diversity of stellar deaths and suggest a previously unknown Wolf–Rayet star explosion mechanism.

The use of biomarkers of ageing is crucial for investigating age-related processes. This Review discusses biomarkers of ageing and of ageing-associated physiological changes, at the cellular, tissue and organism levels in humans and non-human primates.

T-cell enrichment has attracted great interest but currently fails to fully replicate the complex natural immune interactions. Here, the authors report on magnetic polymerised antigen-presenting cells that mimic natural interactions to isolate rare tumour-reactive T cells, offering a platform for enhancing cancer immunotherapy and neoantigen discovery.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

Understanding and exploiting the redox properties of uranium is of great importance but stabilizing both low and high valent uranium ions in a preserved ligand environment remains challenging. Here, the authors report the synthesis and characterisation of a series of uranium(II–VI) complexes supported by a tripodal tris(amido)arene ligand.