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The authors use atomistic calculations with machine-learned interatomic potentials to show that dislocation motion in metals like iron and tungsten involves a nearly constant activation entropy, challenging prior models and improving strength predictions.

Materials databases currently neglect the temperature effect on compound thermodynamics. Here the authors introduce a Gibbs energy descriptor enabling the high-throughput prediction of temperature-dependent thermodynamics across a wide range of compositions and temperatures for inorganic solids.

To infer a previously unknown molecular formula from mass spectrometry data is a challenging, yet neglected problem. Ludwig and colleagues present a network-based approach to ranking possible formulas.

Peng and colleagues present SpatialTopic, a scalable computational method that decodes spatial tissue structure from large-scale multiplexed images, thereby enabling rapid, integrative analysis of millions of cells across multiple tissue slides.

Developing high-current-density catalysts is key to efficient water splitting. Here, the authors report a single-atom Ru-doped amorphous Ni–Mo oxide that dynamically self-reconstructs to retain high activity at industrial current densities in an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer.

A covalent organic framework-based type-II heterojunction (TpPa/TpDz) enables efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production in pure water. The highest and lowest occupied molecular orbitals are spatially separated, driving directional photogenerated carrier transport and minimizing recombination, therefore enhancing photocatalytic activity.

A combination of whole-genome NanoSeq with deep whole-exome and targeted NanoSeq is used to accurately characterize mutation rates and genes under positive selection in sperm cells.

Modelling of high-temperature diffusion requires accurate treatment of thermal effects. Here, the authors introduce a method to calculate Gibbs energies of diffusion transition states to uncover the mechanisms of non-Arrhenius diffusion behavior.

Construction of chiral nanostructures is impeded by the entropic barrier of dissymmetric blocks. Here, the authors report a dynamic assembly/disassembly strategy to yield single-unit organometallic helices for enantioselective amyloid inhibition.

Scalable characterisation of quantum states can be achieved by leveraging on simplifications valid for specific classes of states. Here, the authors show how to combine the strengths of shadows and many-body tomography for all states exhibiting exponential decay of correlations and the approximate Markov property.

The upwelling mantle beneath Iceland underwent melt depletion at least 1 billion years ago and is therefore compositionally buoyant, according to a study of neodymium and hafnium isotope ratios in peridotites from the Charlie Gibbs Transform Zone.

Chemical disequilibrium is a known biosignature, and it is important to determine the conditions for its remote detection. A thermodynamical model coupled with atmospheric retrieval shows that a disequilibrium can be inferred for a Proterozoic Earth-like exoplanet in reflected light at a high O₂/CH₄ abundance case and signal-to-noise ratio of 50.

Cross-linkable co-SAMs improve hole-selective SAM stability, preventing defects and thermal degredation in perovskite solar cells, enabling 26.92% efficiency with high heat durability, and guiding the design of more efficient and durable solar cells.

The disposal of PTFE and PFAS poses major environmental concerns. Here, the authors demonstrate their efficient defluorination at room temperature using sodium dispersion, converting these persistent pollutants into recoverable sodium fluoride.

A significant challenge in modern drug development is the comprehensive profiling of covalent inhibitors. Here, the authors develop COOKIE-Pro, an unbiased method for quantifying the binding kinetics of irreversible covalent inhibitors on a proteome-wide scale.

Metal–organic frameworks hold promise as electrocatalysts for water splitting, but their large-scale production remains a challenge. This study reports on a scalable synthetic approach to fabricate large-area metal–organic framework-based electrodes, achieving high catalytic activity and stability in practical alkaline water electrolysis.

Matter behaves differently at the nanoscale. Here, the author introduces the concept of a disjoining chemical potential for nanoscale thermodynamics, showing that thermodynamic functions depend on the environment, and suggests possible experimental verifications.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are a versatile class of clinically approved drug delivery vehicles, particularly for nucleic acid cargoes, but they often suffer from instability issues. Here, the authors report that the room temperature stability of small interfering RNA LNPs formulated with unsaturated ionizable lipids can be improved by inclusion of mildly acidic, antioxidant-containing buffers.

The Southern Ocean seasonal ice zone can be divided into 3 dynamical regimes based on the magnitude and sign of the mean submesoscale vertical heat flux using instrumented seal data.

Computational and spectroscopic studies of molecular lanthanide complexes have implicated 4f orbitals in metal–ligand bonding interactions. Now, a comparative study of isostructural d-block, actinide and lanthanide complexes has shown that 4f-orbital covalency enables ring-opening isomerization in a Ce(IV)–cyclopropenyl complex in the solid state, a reaction not observed for the other complexes studied.

That the final energy of an isolated system in contact with a heat bath follows the Gibbs distribution is a classical result of statistical physics. But the situation is different when the system is non-adiabatically driven out of equilibrium. Theoretical work now shows that in these cases the energy distribution is non-Gibbsian and that two qualitatively different regimes with a transition between them emerge.

A neutralizing nanobody specific to the prefusion conformation of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B has cross-species activity and offers insights into virus neutralization, possible immunogens and an attractive avenue for antiviral interventions.

The calorimetric determination of enthalpies of mixing in multi-component molten salt systems often relies on empirical models that lack physically interpretable parameters. Here, the authors use the molecular interaction volume model (MIVM) to integrate experimentally measured enthalpies and solvation structures from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to extrapolate excess Gibbs energy and determine the compositional dependence of La³⁺ activity in the LaCl₃-(LiCl-KCl) system.

 A bifunctional iminophosphorane-catalysed, stereo-controlled deconjugation for the synthesis of highly enantioenriched alkylidenecyclopropanes is described, alongside computational studies elucidating the mechanistic pathway and origins of diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.

Transcriptional regulators (TRs) play critical roles in both normal tissue development and disease progression. Here, the authors introduce a Bayesian hierarchical model capable of identifying key TRs from epigenomics-based query region sets with enhanced accuracy and interpretability.

The PrimeGen framework is a multi-agent large language model system used to navigate intricate primer design workflows for amplicon sequencing.

Here the authors perform a trans expression quantitative trait locus meta-analysis study of over 3,700 people and link a USP18 variant to expression of 50 inflammation genes and lupus risk, highlighting how genetic regulation of immune responses drives autoimmune disease and informs new therapies.

Landauer’s principle connects entropy and energy dissipation in non-equilibrium processes. An experiment now uses this principle to measure entropy production in a Bose gas to resolve contributions from correlations and dissipation.

During electrocatalytic nitrate reduction, cobalt-based catalysts degrade fast due to the combined effect of nitrate oxidation and electric-field reduction. Here, the authors develop a Co6Ni4 heterostructured catalyst to prevent high valence Co accumulation and achieve efficient ammonia synthesis.

An understanding of the molecular mechanisms promoting the generation of immunoregulatory and tumour-promoting monocytes and macrophages is key to breaking the cycle of tumour myelopoiesis and developing more effective myeloid-targeting therapies.

Multifunctional polyketide synthases (PKSs) can be an attractive platform for biomanufacturing. Here, the authors report an automated retrobiosynthesis tool, BioPKS pipeline, that integrates the design of PKSs with enzymatic chemistry to propose biosynthetic routes.

Methane-to-methanol conversion with O₂ has long been considered kinetically challenging. Here the authors report CuSeO_3-x as a new class of plasmonic semiconductors capable of harnessing low-energy near-infrared photons to achieve efficient conversion at 25 °C.

Diatomic catalysts show promise for the oxygen reduction reaction, but their complex kinetics hinder rational design. Here, the authors synthesize strongly bonded Fe-Co diatomic catalysts where Co acts as the main active site and Fe aids *OH adsorption, revealing a synergistic effect.