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A predictive descriptor to guide spinel catalyst design for Li–S batteries is still lacking. Here, authors use a series of metal chromites to investigate the effect of t2 orbital occupancy on the polysulfide conversion activity of spinel oxides, and reveal a volcano-shaped relationship between them.

Head motion is an artifact in structural and functional MRI signals, and some traits or groups are more strongly correlated with motion than others. Here the authors describe a method to attribute a motion impact score to specific trait-functional connectivity relationships.

OrganoidTracker 2.0 enables fast and accurate cell tracking in complex systems such as developing organoids. A key aspect of the work is determining cell tracks with error probabilities for any tracking feature, from cell cycles to lineage trees.

Electronic health records are a rich source of clinical data but identifying associations with outcomes is complex. Here, the authors propose a modelling framework ‘InfEHR’ that identifies patient trajectories in electronic health records and generates a likelihood for clinical phenotypes.

The realization of cold and dense electron–hole systems by optical excitation is hindered by the heating caused by particle recombination. Now, cold and dense electron–hole systems have been observed in heterostructures with separated electron and hole layers.

LLM agents could revolutionize laboratory automation, but their capabilities remain poorly tested. Here, the authors create a framework automating atomic force microscopy with LLMs and benchmark them through an end-to-end evaluation suite, revealing major limitations and safety concerns

A superconducting quantum computer is used to realize an out-of-equilibrium topologically ordered state, which hosts anyonic excitations.

Cobalt–iron–lead oxide electrocatalysts show promise for the low-pH oxygen evolution reaction—an essential reaction in proton-exchange water electrolysis—but can suffer from corrosion. This study uncovers that the mechanism of cobalt site corrosion is decoupled from the oxygen evolution reaction, paving the way for more stable catalyst designs.

Alternative fuels such as biomethane are attractive, although their combustion generates pollutants such as formaldehyde that impair conventional abatement technologies. This study elucidates the impact of HCHO during the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x over Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts, revealing important structural and mechanistic aspects.

Edge-localized plasma modes in a tokamak can damage its innermost wall. Simulations now show that fast ions can modify the spatio-temporal structure of these modes. These effects need to be considered in the optimization of control techniques.

Adaptive optical vision Fourier transformer (AOViFT) is a machine learning-based framework for accurately inferring aberrations and restoring diffraction-limited performance in diverse biological specimens.

Particles produced by intense biomass burning can be transported, potentially by deep convection, in large numbers to the lower stratosphere, changing the stratospheric aerosol layer’s chemical and radiative properties, according to in situ measurements during an active fire season.

The mobility edge characterizes the transition from localization to diffusion. This key parameter in Anderson localization was measured for a system of ultracold atoms in a tunable disordered potential created by laser speckles.

Strain engineering is effective in modulating catalyst activity. Here, authors report a high-dimensional biaxial strained dichalcogenide catalyst to unlock inner metal sites, which accelerates sulfur redox kinetics and enables lithium–sulfur pouch cells with increased capacity and cycling stability.

Study and identification of the actinide electronic structure is complicated and crucial. Here the authors probe the hybridization between 5f to 6d orbitals in uranium compounds using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism near U-L3 edge through the dipolar and quadrupolar spectral contributions.

Whether orientation-selectivity is discernable via fMRI remains unclear. Here, by analyzing a public dataset of responses to natural scenes using neurally-inspired image-computable models, the authors isolate and characterize a coarse-scale orientation map and demonstrate that orientation-selective BOLD responses reflect multiple distinct computations at a range of spatial scales.

The suppression of edge-localized modes in tokamak plasmas is crucial to prevent them from damaging the walls of the chamber. Now experiments confirm the role that magnetic islands play in suppressing these detrimental modes.

Predictive coding is a popular theory of brain function, but it remains unclear if and how it may be implemented in the brain. The authors present a spiking neural network model that offers a fresh perspective on predictive coding and reproduces many observations from visual cortex.

Klein and colleagues characterize 04_A06, a new V_H1-2-encoded broadly neutralizing antibody that has marked breadth and potency against extended multiclade HIV-1 pseudovirus panels and can maintain full viral suppression in HIV-1-infected humanized mice.

Owing to electron localization, two-dimensional materials are not expected to be metallic at low temperatures, but a field-induced quantum metal phase emerges in NbSe₂, whose behaviour is consistent with the Bose-metal model.

Polymer thin films that emit and absorb circularly polarised light are promising in achieving important technological advances, but the origin of the large chiroptical effects in such films has remained elusive. Here the authors demonstrate that in non-aligned polymer thin films, large chiroptical effects are caused by magneto-electric coupling, not structural chirality as previously assumed.

This study identifies brain connectivity patterns linked to the duration of methamphetamine abstinence in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. The identified networks were validated in an out-of-sample replication.

Damaging energy bursts in a tokamak are a major obstacle to achieving stable high-fusion performance. Here, the authors demonstrate the use of adaptive and machine-learning control to optimize the 3D magnetic field to prevent edge bursts and maximize fusion performance in two different fusion devices, DIII-D and KSTAR.

Observations of the shape, topography, crustal thickness and surface composition of the South Pole–Aitken impact basin on the Moon suggest a southward impact trajectory and the excavation of a discontinuous remnant magma ocean from beneath the crust.

How superconducting states with different order parameter symmetries can interact with each other is not well understood. Now, the edge mode of a Weyl superconductor serves as a probe for competing condensates.

Alkaline hydrogen production needs stable catalysts, but the electrical double layer is overlooked. Here, the authors report a dense epitaxial hydroxide layer that strengthens the double layer, prevents catalyst leaching, and enhances material stability for 1,400 h in an industrial electrolyzer.

Endosomal sequestration of lipid-based nanoparticles is a barrier to delivery of nucleic acids. Here the authors test an array of cholesterol variants and perform in-depth investigation of nanoparticle shape, internal structure and intracellular trafficking.

Neural networks fundamentally dictate function. Here, the authors show thirteen uniquely connected neuron populations within the anterior thalamic nuclei, suggesting multiple parallel subnetworks support its emotional and cognitive functions.

Chronic stress is a risk factor for depression, yet the mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show in mice that stress drives interferon-mediated neutrophil recruitment from the skull to the brain’s outer membranes, contributing to depressive behaviors.

To understand enzymatic redox reaction mechanisms, it is important to investigate the redox behavior at the metal centers. This Protocol describes metalloenzyme attachment to electrodes and how to perform X-ray absorption spectroelectrochemistry.

The nonlinear evolution dynamics in topological photonic lattices is systematically investigated within the framework of optical thermodynamics. This approach allows for the precise prediction of topological currents even under the extreme complexity introduced by nonlinearity.

CAR-T cells engineered with αPD-L1–IL-12 fusion proteins show antitumour activity in mouse models of prostate and ovarian cancer.

The slit diaphragm is a key component of the glomerular filter. This study reveals that the slit diaphragm of Drosophila nephrocytes exhibits a fishnet architecture, offering insights into the molecular basis of renal filtration.

Here the authors use a range of approaches to examine the interplay between genetic variants linked to risk for polygenic skin diseases and transcription factors (TFs) important for skin homeostasis. The findings implicate dysregulated binding of specific TF families in risk for diverse skin diseases.

The indeterminacy of edge or surface energy — unknowable for low-symmetry crystals — is avoided by an algebraic system complemented with closure equations, which enables computing algorithms to predict the equilibrium shape of any crystal.

Available wheat genomes are annotated by projecting Chinese Spring gene models across the new assemblies. Here, the authors generate de novo gene annotations for the 9 wheat genomes, identify core and dispensable transcriptome, and reveal conservation and divergence of gene expression balance across homoeologous subgenomes.

Non-line-of-sight imaging is typically limited by loss of directional information due to diffuse reflections scattering light in all directions. Here, the authors see around corners by using vertical edges and temporal response to pulsed light to obtain angular and longitudinal resolution, respectively.

The evolution of the quantum Hall state from bulk spectrum to edge state remains obscure. Here, Patlatiuk and Scheller et al. observe magnetic compression against a hard edge followed by motion into the bulk and depopulation of the integer quantum Hall edge states, in agreement with the bulk-to-edge correspondence.

The electrons in 2D materials like graphene are described by the relativistic Dirac equation. Here the authors present a lattice of evanescently coupled waveguides that emulates a wide range of Dirac excitations and study the type-II edge states that emerge in this photonic system.

CO oxidation catalysts face a tradeoff between high activity and stability due to oxidation-induced deactivation. By trapping Pt clusters at stepped CeO₂ pockets, this work circumvents the stability-activity dilemma.

A nano-optical probe of the Purcell effect in a van der Waals waveguide is demonstrated, exploiting its highly confined infrared waveguide modes and the capacity for infrared emission in the monolayer limit of atomically layered van der Waals materials.

A consensus cell type atlas for the fly brain provides both an intellectual framework and open-source toolchains for brain-scale comparative connectomics.

At equilibrium, the ferroelectric polarization is proportional to the strain. At ultrafast timescales, an above-bandgap laser excitation decouples strain and polarization, which, out of equilibrium, is mainly determined by the photoexcited electrons.

Efficient oxygen activation limits oxidative catalysis. Here, incorporating single-atom Zr into CeO₂-supported Pt catalysts creates Zr₁–O–Pt₁ structures, significantly enhancing catalytic performance via boosted surface and chemisorbed oxygen activation.

Spatial cell distribution within a tissue microenvironment is a rapidly advancing field. Here, authors assess three commercially available single-cell resolution spatial transcriptomics approaches (CosMx, MERFISH, and Xenium) to inform which technology outperforms for immune profiling of solid tumors using patient samples.

CELLFIE, a CRISPR platform for optimizing cell-based immunotherapies, identifies gene knockouts that enhance CAR T cell efficacy using in vitro and in vivo screens.

As we age, our brains don’t just shrink, their entire geometry changes. This study links specific patterns of brain expansion and compression to cognitive impairment, revealing a new way to understand age-related decline.

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering can be used to measure the spin current carried by magnons in the presence of temperature gradients across a magnetic insulator.