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Using a non-human primate model, the authors identified the tissue sites of initial viral rebound after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy, demonstrating that such rebound preferentially occurs in the gastrointestinal tract-associated lymphoid tissues.
Phylodynamic modelling shows how the changing antibiotic landscape and genetic determinants of resistance shape real-world gonococcal dynamics. Experiments validated that determinants with identical resistance phenotype differed in impact on fitness.
Soil microbial populations bloom and then die-off in ecosystems with seasonal snowpack. This study showed that distinct taxa utilize different N sources for growth or energy during the microbial bloom and alter the fate of N after snowmelt.
Reduced GC-related content in the influenza A virus genome may be a necessary condition for sustained mammalian transmission and should be included in risk assessment tools for pandemic influenza.
Large-scale computational and in vitro analyses identify commensal type III secretion systems and substrates in the human gut microbiome that can interact with human proteins to modulate immune pathways.
Bacterial degradation of extracellular fucoidan is resource-intensive and, therefore, limited by low-phosphate concentrations. This mechanism provides a competitive advantage to fucoidan-producing microalgae and enhances carbon sequestration.
Without key cell cycle control genes, SAR11 cells experience aneuploidy and growth inhibition when exposed to changes in nutrients, carbon sources or temperature stress, a vulnerability that may represent an evolutionary trade-off for adaptation to oligotrophic environments.
An alternative mating system, termed parasex, produces progeny with high levels of genotypic diversity and is able to fulfil the roles of meiosis when it is absent in the fungal pathobiont Candida albicans.
The release of a more genetically stable form of a live, attenuated oral polio vaccine, nOPV2, was heralded as a major advance towards global polio eradication. Virus recombination events can undo all the hard work.
Whole-genome sequencing of polioviruses in Uganda following nOPV2 use showed high genetic stability and no sustained transmission, even though a rare double recombinant strain regained virulence, but did not spread due to high vaccination coverage.
A library of 400 phage protein-coding genes is used to find a trove of antiphage systems, revealing systems that target tail fibre and major capsid proteins.
Experiments in mice and pigs revealed that l-theanine produced by Lactobacillus reuteri acts on host cells to increase the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids by stabilizing the expression of branched-chain amino acid transferases.
A mouse commensal fungus, Kazachstania pintolopesii, secretes a protein, Ygp1, that promotes epithelial cell regeneration and healing in mouse models of intestinal injury, renewing the interest in probiotic activities of commensal fungi.
Single-cell profiling of antibiotic-driven bacterial cell death predicts in vivo treatment outcomes against mycobacteria and could improve treatment guidance.
In 22 patients with auto-brewery syndrome, we found enrichment of gut bacterial genes in metabolic pathways associated with ethanol production. Treatment with faecal microbiota transplantation in one patient led to improvement in symptoms that correlated with changes in gut microbiota composition and improved metabolic function.
Vaginal birth, exclusive breastfeeding and early contact with siblings promote colonization of the infant gut with bifidobacteria capable of producing aromatic lactates, a microbial and metabolite signal that is inversely related to the risk of allergen-specific sensitization and dermatitis later in life.
A short peptide derived from a commensal-fungal-secreted protein promotes repair in models of colon epithelial damage when delivered directly or via probiotic microbes.
