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How top-down connections are shaped by hierarchical inference is explained through developing a deep-generative model. V2-like texture representation is shown to emerge through natural experiences, which in turn helps V1 through contextual priors.

Here, the authors present archaeology of the Namorotukunan site in Kenya’s Turkana Basin that demonstrates adaptive shifts in hominin tool-making behaviour spanning 300,000 years and increasing environmental variability. They contextualize these findings with paleoenvironmental proxies, dating, and geological descriptions.

Nanoemulsion modular assembly is emerging as a versatile strategy for synthesizing diverse functional mesoporous nanomaterials. This Review highlights the capabilities of nanoemulsion modular assembly for precise control over pore size, structure, composition and morphology, as well as discussing possible applications of functional mesoporous nanomaterials.

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome is characterized by premature aging with cardiovascular disease being the main cause of death. Here the authors show that inhibition of the NAT10 enzyme enhances cardiac function and fitness, and reduces age-related phenotypes in a mouse model of premature aging.

As Nature Aging celebrates its fifth anniversary, the journal asks some of the researchers who contributed to the journal early on to reflect on the past and the future of aging and age-related disease research, the impact of the field on human health now and in the future, and what challenges need to be addressed to ensure sustained progress.

Complex prophage integration dynamics, including low-level induction, cross-family host range and transposase-mediated mobilization, challenge existing paradigms and deepen our understanding of phage–bacterial interactions in the human gut microbiome.

A predictive study of global flood impacts from 2000 to 2018 finds that democracy, institutional quality, and especially peace, reduce the predicted human cost of flooding, highlighting the importance of achieving SDG16 for mitigating disaster risk.

Tumour-induced dysregulation of cAMP–PKA–CREB1 signalling in skeletal muscle is shown to be a driver of mitochondrial dysfunction, contributing to cancer cachexia in mice.

Although natural-killer-cell therapies are safer than T-cell therapies and offer other advantages, they require upgrades to overcome their limited lifespan and susceptibility to immunosuppression.

Rydberg atoms have the potential to serve as broadband receivers but require lasers with  > 100 GHz scan ranges to observe multiple states. We bridge this major gap with an optical frequency comb for rapid preparation of over 7 Rydberg states.

A combination of high-resolution spatial imaging, spatial proteomics and transcriptional data reveals sparse and heterogeneous bacterial signals in gliomas and brain metastases.

The interplay between the chromatin landscape and plant domestication remains unclear. Here, the authors report the genome assembly and chromatin landscape map of amaranth and reveal the association between domestication and species-specific changes in chromatin accessibility, with a bias toward opening chromatin regions.

In this Review, Ferrucci and colleagues propose that inflammation is a resilience mechanism that resolves molecular and cellular damage driven by environmental stressors. With ageing, however, this protective response can become dysregulated and maladaptive, promoting collateral changes central to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.

The evolution of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, remains an important issue in sustainable malaria control in Africa. Here, the authors present a framework for identifying resistance mechanisms before they arise in field mosquito populations. The findings have implications for public health surveillance and vector control.

The authors develop tunable surface plasmon polariton (SPP) lattices using well-designed Kekulé metasurfaces, enabling precise control over intensity, spatial distribution, and orbital angular momentum, with applications in on-chip light emission and secure optical encryption

The joint analysis of datasets from NOvA and T2K, the two currently operating long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, provides new constraints related to neutrino masses and fundamental symmetries.

A previously unsampled deep lineage in central Argentina was discovered that had distinctive genetic drift by 8,500 bp and persisted as the main Native American ancestry component in the region up to the present day.

Rutz and colleagues report STK40, a non-catalytic member of the Tribbles pseudokinase family, negatively regulates c-Jun activity during proliferative T cell responses and exhaustion.

Here, the authors report the Global Soil Plasmidome Resource, a comprehensive plasmid soil catalog, that explores the roles of plasmids in microbial adaptation and host integration, highlighting differences between plasmids from cultivated and uncultivated microorganisms and across soil habitats.

Genomic studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have advanced the understanding of its neurobiology but are still constrained by one of the most pronounced Eurocentric biases in psychiatric genetics. Expanding ADHD genomics to under-represented populations, particularly in Latin America, offers a unique opportunity to yield transformative discoveries by capturing the genetic diversity of admixed individuals. We call for a global, coordinated effort to prioritize diversity in ADHD research, not only to foster innovation in precision psychiatry but also to ensure that these advancements benefit all populations equitably.

Gas-phase actinium monofluoride (AcF) has been produced and spectroscopically studied at the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility; the results highlight the potential of ²²⁷AcF for exceptionally sensitive searches of CP violation.

Florfenicol amine hijacks intrinsic resistance in Mycobacterium abscessus, highlighting that antimicrobial resistance mechanisms can be harnessed for antibiotic activation.

How numerical information is expressed in language shapes the mental processes that underlie numerical reasoning. In this Review, Berteletti and colleagues compare the impacts of spoken and signed languages on numerical cognition and detail how future work with signed languages can enrich understanding of these impacts.

By developing a strategy of metagenomic coassembly and prioritizing divergent marker gene sequences, Bin Chicken efficiently recovers more than 77,000 microbial genomes with high novel diversity, thereby expanding the tree of life.

Koh, Ma et al. show that during climbing, mouse motor cortex instructs limb muscle activity patterns primarily by selectively activating certain muscles at certain activity states, via neural activity patterns distinct from those previously described.

Here, using a meta-analysis approach the authors compile a database of microbes hosted by insectivores, showing that a majority of them are viruses, that shrews and hedgehogs particularly contribute to the global virus sharing networks and that insectivores may spread of viruses of potential public health concern.

A mass spectrometry-based approach globally identifies protein regulators of metabolism and reveals the role of LRRC58 in controlling cysteine catabolism.

It remains uncertain whether genetic variants and day–night cycles affect the efficacy of drugs in acute disease settings. Here, the authors show that metoprolol reduces risk only in patients who carry two Arg389 alleles of the beta-1 adrenoceptor, and specifically when myocardial infarction occurs at the beginning of the light cycle.

Melanoma staging in early stage cutaneous melanoma currently excludes relevant pathology features. Here the authors develop MelanoMAP to integrate pathology images and clinical data to predict melanoma spread.

This study uses climate model experiments and shows that radiative heating from the presence of clouds can substantially increase the frequency of Euro-Atlantic atmospheric blocking, highlighting the need to better represent cloud-radiation interactions for improved prediction of extreme weather.

Variants in NOS1AP can cause monogenic nephrotic syndrome. Here, the authors show that disrupting the intergenic NOS1AP splice isoform that is more prevalent in podocytes leads to monogenic kidney disease responsive to RAAS inhibition.

Lo and colleagues report that double-positive thymocytes from neonates express less Zap70 and show reduced Ca^2⁺/NFAT signaling compared to double-positive thymocytes from older thymi. This diminished Ca^2⁺ signaling alters negative selection for self-reactive TCRs, resulting in a cell-intrinsic temporal window for regulatory T versus conventional T cell development in the thymus.

The SuperCam microphone aboard the Perseverance rover captured 55 triboelectric discharges during dust events on Mars over two Martian years, providing implications for examining the planet’s surface chemistry, habitability and human exploration.

Here the authors report an allotrope to the nanocarbon family, Graphene-P-phenyl-Graphene, for potassium-ion batteries.

Parity induces an accumulation of CD8⁺ T cells, including cells with a tissue-resident-memory-like phenotype within human normal breast tissue, offering long-term protection against triple-negative breast cancer.

Theilman and Aimone introduce a natively spiking algorithm for solving partial differential equations on large-scale neuromorphic computers and demonstrate the algorithm on Intel’s Loihi 2 neuromorphic research chip.

A proposed theoretical explanation for the electronic behaviour of moiré graphene is the coexistence of light and heavy electrons. Now local thermoelectric measurements hint that this model could be accurate.

Oat is an important food crop, but the genetic diversity within the gene pool remains unclear. Here, the authors report the analyses of worldwide diversity and population structure of hexaploid oat, and identify signatures of structural rearrangements within the germplasm collection.

While several advancements have been made in the use of on-demand solid-state quantum emitters for quantum communication, using them to realise a quantum relay among remote parties had not been realised so far. Here, the authors fill this gap by realising all-photonic quantum state teleportation with photons generated by distinct remote quantum dots.

This protocol covers a package for running statistical testing on the temporal dynamics of neural activity data obtained from various functional neural recording modalities.

Land abandonment and afforestation are two of the largest processes of land-use change in the Global North. Here, using a nationwide successional gradient the authors show that abandoned ecosystems develop toward increasing afforestation where the process for soil microbes is non-linear and contains thresholds. Microbial taxonomic and functional diversity diverge, revealing a trade-off between different dimensions of diversity.

Epstein–Barr virus infection generates a neuroinvasive B cell subset, which recruits activated T cells to the central nervous system, promoting multiple sclerosis.