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Experimental realizations of discrete time crystals have mainly involved 1D models with Ising-like couplings. Here, the authors realize a 2D discrete time crystal with anisotropic Heisenberg coupling on a quantum simulator based on superconducting qubits, uncovering a rich phase diagram.

Cryogenic electron microscopy structures of human Ostα/β uncover a unique transport pathway featuring two substrate-binding sites connected by an amphipathic helix-gated conduit, and electrophysiological studies demonstrate voltage-sensitive, bidirectional transport, showing its efflux role in vivo.

Recent work has revealed that dendritic cells (DCs) are more heterogeneous than previously thought, yet the functional roles of these newly described DC subsets remain unclear. Here, Li et al. find that in mice, TSLP from keratinocytes activates transitional DC-derived DC2 to promote GATA3⁺ regulatory T cells and mediate immunosuppression during inflammation and cancer.

MedHELM, an extensible evaluation framework including a new taxonomy for classifying medical tasks and a benchmark of many datasets across these categories, enables the evaluation of large language models on real-world clinical tasks.

Rathmell and colleagues show that metabolic reprograming of regulatory T cells is associated with severity of critical illness in patients with and without sepsis.

Intelectin-2 defends mucosal interfaces by crosslinking mucus and blocking microbial growth. This study reveals that mouse and human intelectin-2 recognizes galactose-rich glycans to bind and target diverse bacteria—uncovering a potent, dual-action lectin that shapes host–microbe balance.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Membrane ion channels can be responsive to a variety of stimuli such as pressure, temperature, or pH. Here, the authors show that simply shining 365 nm light activates a native potassium channel in rodent pain-sensing neurons, delivering powerful analgesia without drugs or genetic manipulations.

Analysis combining multiple global tree databases reveals that whether a location is invaded by non-native tree species depends on anthropogenic factors, but the severity of the invasion depends on the native species diversity.

2D p-type transistors are essential for the realization of complementary circuits for post-silicon electronics. Here, the authors report a chloroform doping strategy to fabricate p-type monolayer WSe₂ transistors with high performance and long-term stability.

Female mosquitoes inject saliva into vertebrate hosts during blood feeding, transmitting mosquito-borne pathogens. Here, cryo-EM of mosquito salivary gland extract uncovers the native SGS1 structure and domains relevant to pathogen transmission.

De novo and inherited dominant variants in genes encoding U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are identified in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. The variants cluster at nucleotide positions distinct from those implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Spatially resolved gene expression during barley development was done by integrating an scRNA-seq dataset from cells with unknown position with spatial transcriptomics. This dataset is publicly available through the online web-based BARVISTA application.

JWST’s COSMOS-Web survey is used to create an ultra-high-detail dark matter map, revealing hidden filaments, clusters and distant structures. By tracing features out to z = 2, this map shows how dark and luminous matter build the cosmic web across cosmic time.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Ku is involved in DNA repair and a potential drug target. Here, using cryo-EM and complementary approaches, the authors obtain insights into Ku oligomerization and mechanisms of function in DNA synapsis.

Jonaitis et al demonstrate that serotonin differentially modulates feedforward inhibitory neurons in the olfactory system of Drosophila which likely reflects odor categorization in higher order brain regions.

N¹-Methylpseudouridine enhances the translation of synthetic mRNAs, independently of innate immunity.

Genome-wide association studies incorporating data for populations of African ancestry provide an expanded view of the genetic basis of schizophrenia, which has previously been studied mainly in European and East Asian cohorts.

The authors report on imaging developments of solid-density plasmas and the current filamentation instability by means of the LCLS-XFEL at SLAC. This offers insights on the instability in the solid density region, stimulating new modelling of laser-solid interactions.

Native state proteomics of PV interneurons revealed unique molecular features of high translational and metabolic activity, and enrichment of Alzheimer’s risk genes. Early amyloid pathology exerted unique effects on mitochondria, mTOR signaling and neurotransmission in PV neurons.

Yakut communities, with Trans-Baikal admixture during the Mongol expansion, preserved genomic diversity and oral microbiomes despite the Russian conquest, which introduced cereals, pathogens and Christianity, whereas marital practices preserved low consanguinity except in one late case of traditional shamanism.

GluFormer, a generative foundation model, uses continuous glucose monitoring data to accurately forecast glycaemia-related health responses, particularly for long-term outcomes.

High-pressure measurements of the electrical conductivity of (Mg,Fe)O, used as an analogue for basal magma ocean material, indicate that the conductivity is high enough to produce a dynamo much stronger than a core-driven dynamo for super-Earths larger than 3–6 Earth masses.

To what extent regeneration recapitulates embryonic development is a longstanding question. Here, they show that embryonic gene modules are re-used, rewired, and interconnected to specific injury-induced down-stream targets during regeneration.

The anterior cingulate cortex encodes affective pain behaviours modulated by opioids; targeting opioid-sensitive neurons through a new chemogenetic gene therapy replicates the analgesic effects of morphine, providing precise chronic pain relief without affecting sensory detection.

A nine-year transit-timing campaign has measured the extremely low masses and densities of four large planets orbiting the young star V1298 Tau, which are now predicted to contract and form a typical compact super-Earth and sub-Neptune system.

The R21/Matrix-M vaccine, but not the ME-TRAP vaccine, was protective against intradermal challenge with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, while neither was protective against direct venous inoculation, potentially explaining previously observed differences in protection.

Researchers studied the blood-based metabolome of over 23,000 people from ten ethnically diverse cohorts. They identified 235 metabolites associated with future risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). By integrating genetic and modifiable lifestyle factors, their findings provide insights into T2D mechanisms and could improve risk prediction and inform precision prevention.

Wastewater-based surveillance tends to focus on specific pathogens. Here, the authors mapped the wastewater virome from 62 cities worldwide to identify over 2,500 viruses, revealing city-specific virome fingerprints and showing that wastewater metagenomics enables early detection of emerging viruses.

Variable New Antigens Receptors (VNARs) from shark antibodies possess a unique molecular dexterity that allows them to access epitopes inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Here, the authors use crystallography to investigate how two VNARs selectively engage soluble TNF-alpha.

Kinematic measurements of the Perseus galaxy cluster reveal two drivers of gas motions: a small-scale driver in the inner core associated with black-hole feedback and a large-scale driver in the outer core powered by mergers.

Resistance to combination therapies has been reported in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Here, the authors discover that PIK3CA/AKT pathway regulation of multidrug-resistant ABC transporters is involved in the resistance to therapies in RMS, and use of the PI3Kα inhibitor alpelisib re-sensitizes RMS to therapy.

The authors report an enhancement of the superconducting onset temperature in nanometer-thin YBa₂Cu₃O₇-δ films grown on substrates with nanofaceted surfaces. They theoretically show that the enhancement is mainly driven by electronic nematicity and unidirectional charge density waves, and further suggest that the nanofacets themselves may promote these effects.

The adhesion of meningococci to endothelial cells relies on type IV pili, which induce the formation of long tubular structures on the host cell membrane. Here, the authors show that the tubular structures accumulate and trap host membrane-associated proteins, which facilitates their interaction with bacterial ligands and the activation of adhesion and signaling receptors.

Mutations in GJB2 cause DFNB1, the most common hereditary deafness. ATAC-seq identification of gene regulatory elements enables targeted GJB2 delivery to cochlear cells, preventing hearing loss in mouse models.

Molecular drivers of sex-specific brain plasticity are unknown. Here, authors show estrogen-driven Egr1 controls chromatin accessibility sex-dependently, driving gene expression, structural plasticity, and anxiety- & depression-related behaviour.

Specific pain-sensing nociceptors and chemosensory tuft cells form a circuit to promote type 2 immune responses in the intestine.

Graph neural networks built on physically motivated representations enable gradient-based optimization of complex upconverting nanoparticle heterostructures, revealing photophysical design rules and a roadmap for deep learning in nanoscience.

Laser shock experiments on an iron-water phase reveal its density, melting, and electronic changes under extreme pressures. The results suggest dense deep magma oceans and show that iron-water reactions can greatly shrink and densify super-Earths.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown potential as a therapeutic delivery system for cancer treatment. In here the authors have established HEK293T cells engineered with α-HLA-G VHH antibody-chimeric CD63 protein to promote the production of EVs that can augment the targeting of HLA-G-positive tumor cells

Laser-induced conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, which detects electrons emitted by ²²⁹Th nuclei in a thin ThO₂ sample excited by vacuum ultraviolet light, is demonstrated, opening the possibility of a conversion-electron-based nuclear clock.

Clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential is driven by somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and may progress to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Here authors show that the two conditions share a similar pattern of bone marrow remodeling, characterized by the emergence of inflammatory mesenchymal stromal cells and IFN-responsive T cells, reinforcing their shared etio-pathology.

The internalization of GPCRs is a key process that regulates their intracellular signaling. Here, the authors reveal the importance of β-arrestins in the internalization of 60 GPCRs and identify the β-arrestin-independent and -dependent mechanisms for GLP-1R internalization.

Multi-ancestry genome-wide and transcriptome-wide association studies of aortic stenosis identify more than 200 independent risk loci and provide insights into its genetic architecture.

Analysis of soundscape data from 139 globally distributed sites reveals that sounds of biological origin exhibit predictable rhythms depending on location and season, whereas sounds of anthropogenic origin are less predictable. Comparisons between paired urban–rural sites show that urban green spaces are noisier and dominated by sounds of technological origin.

It has been suggested that operating sensors far from thermodynamical equilibrium can enhance signal-to-noise ratio in a way which breaks the standard limits coming from stochastic fluctuations. Here, the authors show how this can in principle allow an arbitrarily large signal-to-noise ratio.

Pathogenic variants in UNC13A underlie a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome, with three subtypes defined by distinct genotypes with varying clinical and functional impacts characterized in cellular and animal models.