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Conventional organic polymeric resists and chemical solutions used in microlithographic techniques can damage sensitive materials. Here, the authors report the application of inorganic selenium molecules as a lithographic mediator and encapsulation layer during the processing of various sensitive materials, such as perovskites and black phosphorus.

O-GlcNAc chromatin modifications dynamically reshape the transcriptional program of oncogene-induced senescence, forming complexes that activate SASP genes and repress cell-cycle genes; JUN and GATAD2A are identified as key regulators.

Li₅FeO₄ is a high-capacity prelithiation agent but suffers from poor air stability. Here, authors apply a carbon coating strategy to significantly improve its resistance to moisture, enabling over 92% capacity retention after 72 h exposure to ambient air.

Zhu et al. find that aging causes region-specific myelin damage in the spinal cord, which is counteracted by enhanced TGFβ signaling in microglia, revealing a protective mechanism for healthy aging.

The key regulators driving intrinsic immune responses and neuropathic pain remain elusive. Here, the authors elucidate that ZFP612-mediated epigenetic disinhibition of Il1rl1 within the 3D genome in dorsal root ganglion neurons causes neuropathic pain.

Rechargeable lithium batteries featuring 5 V cathodes offer high energy density yet struggle with stability. Here, the authors formulate an electrolyte incorporating dimethyl 2,5-dioxahexanedioate solvent, which facilitates stable lithium plating and stripping while offering an extended cycle life.

Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare and aggressive intraocular malignancy that is frequently misdiagnosed. Here, the authors conduct a multicentre case‒control study to develop a machine learning–based screening model for PVRL diagnosis from complete blood count data, with validation in large-scale clinical cohorts.

The first sample of farside lunar soil, collected by Chang’e-6, is strongly cohesive. The high cohesion stems from its fine particle size with intricate shape, probably a result of the high plagioclase abundance and intense meteorite impacts at the sampling site.

The authors report a Fe–N₄ single-atom catalyst decorated with SiO₂ nanoparticles acting as radical scavengers, which reduce harmful byproducts and stabilize active sites, improving durability and activity for oxygen reduction.

A ligand-restricted strategy is developed to realize the synthesis of dual-atom catalysts with high pairing ratio and tunable atomic distances.

Room temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials are promising for optical applications. Here, the authors demonstrate a scalable preparation of RTP nanospheres and their assembly into photonic crystals with multimodal luminescence.

Ancient genomes from Neolithic rice-farming populations at Baligang reveal a demographic shift around 4,200 years ago and a 5,000-year-old patrilineal social structure, providing insights into the population history of East Asia.

Liu and colleagues examine how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants evade CD8⁺ T cell epitope recognition.

DNA damage from chemotherapy can activate cGAS–STING and interferon pathways. Here, the authors show that cGAS–STING signaling is specific to DNA rich in CA repeats, whereas DNA not rich in CA repeats is detected by AIM2, resulting in opposing tumor immune responses.

Li, Platt et al. examine cross-reactivity of antibodies induced by the adult-specific pneumococcal conjugate vaccine V116 within serogroups 6 and 15. Antibodies demonstrated cross-reactivity to non-vaccine serotypes 6 C and 15B, suggesting broader coverage may be available beyond the 21 V116 serotypes following vaccination.

Regioselectivity during electrophilic aromatic substitution is typically controlled by substituents on the aryl group. Here the authors report an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, wherein remote chiral ester groups direct the electrophile to a precise location on the molecule.

Electrified thermal energy storage converts electricity into heat for thermal energy use. This Review assesses available and emerging technologies, identifying research needs for scalable, long-duration and efficient deployment.

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has emerged as a new paradigm for modulating protein activity. Here, the authors develop bifunctional degraders combining a putative ligand of the autophagy-related LC3 protein with different protein targets, which direct proteins of interest to the proteasome by covalently targeting the DCAF11 E3 ligase substrate receptor.

Ischemic injury and reperfusion injury collectively determine total infarct size, a major prognostic factor, following myocardial infarction (MI). Here, Lv et al. develop a hydrogel system utilizing different parts of Glycyrrhiza and apply plant-based photosynthetic mechanisms to treat both ischemic and reperfusion injury in MI.

A manually operated portable water disinfection system can rapidly inactivate pathogens in water, offering a promising approach for safe water treatment in low-resource settings.

Tight junctions are crucial for maintaining intestinal barrier homeostasis. Here the authors show that PEAK1 sustains Src activity at tight junctions and facilitates its interaction with ZO-1 to preserve tight junction integrity.

High-pressure diamond anvil cell experiments reveal that compression strengthening of nanocrystalline nickel increases as its grain sizes decrease to 3 nanometres, owing to dislocation hardening and suppression of grain boundary plasticity.

Usually, each refrigerant has a limited refrigeration temperature span. In this work, the authors observe refrigeration with barocaloric effect in a region from 77.5 to 300 K and potentially down to 4 K.

Diabetic cardiomyopathy involves dysregulated protein deubiquitination. Here the authors show that deubiquitinating enzymes OTUD1 knockout prevents cardiac hypertrophy by deubiquitinating AMPKα2 at K60/K379, disrupting CAMKK2-mediated phosphorylation.

This study reports a fully integrated 128 × 8 optoelectronic memristor array with Si complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor circuits, featuring configurable multi-mode functionality. It demonstrates diversified in-sensor computing tasks and consumes 20 times less energy than GPUs.

Shao, Li, Liu et al. identify the GAS6–ATF3 axis as a central regulator of survival and proliferation of protective resident MerTK⁺ cardiac macrophages and show that GAS6 administration improves cardiac repair after ischemic–reperfusion injury in mice in an ATF3-dependent manner.

Song and colleagues report that in breast cancer, chemotherapy induces the IRENA lncRNA, which reprograms tumor suppressive macrophages to protumorigenic phenotypes and promotes chemoresistance.

DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ) maintains continuity but impairs accuracy during DNA replication. Here, the authors report a mechanism by which human cells precisely control the essential, yet mutagenic, activity of Pol ζ to ensure both continuation and fidelity during DNA replication challenges.

Suppression of the competing H₂ evolution reaction in CO₂ electroreduction in strong acids remains a considerable challenge. Here, authors report a silver-based electrode that enables CO₂ conversion to CO exceeding 85% at ampere-level current densities in pH = 1 electrolytes.

The plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae produces an effector that targets soybean trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, which leads to enhanced trehalose synthesis. This host-derived trehalose is then used by P. sojae as a carbon source during infection.

Glutaredoxin (GLRX) is a key enzyme in redox regulation via oxidation of protein cysteines and its activity is disrupted in diverse human diseases. This study integrates molecular modeling and biochemical validation to provide insights into the mechanisms of oxidative inactivation of GLRX.

Here, the authors propose Transcription Regulator Activity Prediction Tool (TRAPT), a multi-modality deep learning framework, which infers regulator activity by learning and integrating the regulatory potentials of target gene cis-regulatory elements and genome-wide binding sites.

The combination of dynamic, energy driven folding and growth with structural stiffness and length control is difficult to achieve in synthetic polymer self-assembly. Here the authors show that highly charged, monodisperse DNA oligomers assemble via seeded growth into length-controlled supramolecular fibers during heating.

This study found that cnidarian animals including corals, anemones and jellyfish share a common mechanism to regulate their association with symbiotic algae. Despite evolving independently, these animals all use the same carbon-nitrogen negative feedback loop for algae control, shedding light on the repeated evolution of these marine symbiotic relationships.

Decreased expression of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (HPD) has been linked to tyrosinemia, yet the mechanism underlying the regulation of HPD expression is largely unknown. Here the authors demonstrate that molecular chaperone TTC36, which is highly expressed in liver, is associated with HPD and reduces the binding of protein kinase STK33 to HPD, thereby inhibiting STK33-mediated HPD T382 phosphorylation.

High-phase-purity and stable 1T′-transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers are grown on 4H-Au nanowires by a facile and rapid wet-chemical method, enabling ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection.

Intestinal microbiota alterations may affect heart function through the production of gut-derived metabolites. Here the authors found that gut microbiota-derived TMAVA is a key determinant for the development of cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of carnitine synthesis and subsequent fatty acid oxidation.