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This study profiles gene expression of individual cell types that are present during the formation of human and mouse faces. The authors identify specific cell types that play roles in facial shape differences and contribute to risk for craniofacial diseases like cleft lip and palate.

Over five years, implementation of the NHS England Lung Cancer Screening Programme achieved high early-stage detection rates and demonstrated that the programme is both feasible and scalable for reaching high-risk and underserved populations.

Strong stimulated Brillouin scattering is incorporated in a standard silicon nitride platform via a tellurium oxide layer. The authors demonstrate applications including a silicon-nitride-based Brillouin amplifier (net optical gain, 5 dB), a compact intermodal stimulated Brillouin laser capable of high-purity radio-frequency signal generation (intrinsic linewidth, 7 Hz) and a widely tunable microwave photonic notch filter (ultranarrow linewidth, 2.2 MHz).

In this study, the authors examine the potential shared genetic vulnerability across externalizing traits related to substance use and to substance use disorders.

It is unclear whether the harsh abiotic conditions of drylands hinder biological invasions. This global analysis shows that drylands are vulnerable to non-native plants and are likely to become more so as native plant diversity declines and grazing pressure intensifies.

Androgen activity in the male embryonic hindbrain prolongs hindbrain differentiation in male individuals and drives sex differences in the incidence and prognosis of posterior fossa type A (PFA) ependymoma, an aggressive childhood brain tumour.

A prespecified analysis from the SELECT trial showed that semaglutide reduces major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% compared with placebo, particularly in patients at high risk of fibrosis, as indicated by the Fibrosis-4 index.

Single-variant and ultrarare variant burden analyses leveraging exome sequencing data from 22 cohorts identify new risk genes for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and show cumulative effects of several rare variants on disease risk.

The excitatory neuron diversity and specialized connectivity of complex, multilayered mammalian neocortex are driven by mammalian-specific cis-regulatory elements bound by ZBTB18, deletion of which disrupts gene expression and results in projection patterns resembling those of non-mammalian brains.

Analysis of sequencing data from rare disease cohorts identifies biallelic variants in RNU2-2 underlying a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy associated with reduced U2-2 abundance and clinically distinct from the dominant RNU2-2 disorder.

Exhaustion is a functional state that hampers anti-cancer and antiviral CD8 T cell activity, and is preceded by a stem-like state, maintained by the transcription factor TCF1. Here authors develop mouse models that allow a precise understanding of the developmental trajectory between the stem-cell-like and exhausted states of CD8 T cells and find that while constitutive overexpression of TCF1 expands the stem-like T cell pool, TCF1 expression specifically in already exhausted cells is unable to promote dedifferentiation.

In a prospective multi-centre cohort in China, people living in areas of high soil selenium had a 35% increased risk of incident diabetes over a 3-year study period, with a stronger effect seen for men.

A fully automated methodology based on rubrics capturing a broad range of cognitive and intellectual demands is illustrated using LLMs and tasks, demonstrating a new way to evaluate the capabilities of AI systems and anticipate their performance.

Longitudinal metatranscriptomics in a prospective cohort of 1,164 adults hospitalized for COVID-19 reveals that azithromycin offered no apparent anti-inflammatory benefit but enriched the respiratory microbiome with potential pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes.

Analyses of large-scale, multitaxa and long-term thermophilization patterns in forests, grasslands and alpine summits across Europe provide insight into shifts in community composition among different ecosystems in a warming world.

In a study of four brain-dead human decedents, extracorporeal liver cross-circulation using genetically modified pig livers provides essential hepatic functions, supporting the feasibility of this approach for temporary liver support as a bridge to organ transplantation.

From 2014–2017, marine heatwaves caused global mass coral bleaching, where the corals lose their symbiotic algae. The authors find, this event exceeded the severity of all prior global bleaching events in recorded history, with approximately half the world’s reefs bleaching and 15% experiencing substantial mortality.

The APOE-ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but it is not deterministic. Here, the authors show that common genetic variation changes how APOE-ε4 influences cognition.

Mycobacteria require a conserved ABC transporter to export lipid-linked galactan for cell wall biosynthesis. Here, the authors determined multiple cryo-EM structures of this transporter in complex with a substrate analogue, thereby shedding light on the transport mechanism.

This paper conducted a priority-setting exercise to identify ten questions that define the future direction of blue carbon science. It highlights key gaps, emerging challenges and opportunities for advancing climate mitigation, ecosystem management and evidence-based policy.

Genome-wide analysis coupled with long-read sequencing identifies a repeat expansion in GOLGA8A associated with high risk for atypical frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions.

There is a lack of effective therapies for patients with non-V600E BRAF mutant cancer. Here, the authors report limited response in a phase II trial investigating the combination of binimetinib (MEK inhibitor) and encorafenib (BRAF inhibitor) for the treatment of non-V600E BRAF mutant cancer and subsequently investigate resistance mechanisms and combination therapeutic strategies in patient-derived models.

This work demonstrates a 3D-printed photonic lantern that efficiently combines many multimode VCSELs into a single multimode fiber with low loss, preserving brightness and enabling compact, scalable high-power laser systems.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

Tau:αSyn condensates change from pathological to physiological by redirecting interactions toward microtubules. Here, the authors show that tubulin-rich condensates suppress toxic oligomer and amyloid formation, whereas tubulin loss drives aggregation and neurite degeneration.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

Previously uncharacterized cysteine-derived conjugates, including with endogenous sugar metabolites, accumulate in cancer cells with constitutive NRF2 activation and account for some of the increased cystine uptake that cannot be explained by conventional cysteine metabolism.

The flagship paper of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium describes the generation of the integrative analyses of 2,658 cancer whole genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types, the structures for international data sharing and standardized analyses, and the main scientific findings from across the consortium studies.

A star in a primordial dwarf galaxy has preserved the elements produced by the first generation of stars. The star lacks heavy elements but exhibits an extreme amount of carbon, suggesting that low-energy explosions can seed the initial chemistry of early galaxies.

DNA methylation heterogeneity and dynamics hinder distinguishing early pathological changes from normal variation. Here, the authors identify stable sites whose disruption is linked to blood cancers, aging, and cardiovascular risk.

Little work has been done to describe and address the variability inherent in the agroinfiltration and genetic engineering of Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, the authors identify and quantify the sources of virtually all variation and develop recommendations for minimizing variation.

The gut microbiome-kidney crosstalk has been previously linked with metabolic and kidney diseases. Here, the authors show that microbial amino acid metabolism interacts with host kidney function to influence cardiorenal physiology in the early stages, with potential implications for long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in human populations.

In this study, the authors show that the monoclonal antibody, FNI9, potently inhibits neuraminidases across H5N1 viruses spanning almost 30 years of evolution, protects mice from lethal challenge, and targets an H5N1-conserved NA epitope predicted to have low mutational escape and high fitness cost.

Crystalline materials for optical applications are synthesized in living dinoflagellates.

Analyses of 2,658 whole genomes across 38 types of cancer identify the contribution of non-coding point mutations and structural variants to driving cancer.

After performing a focused CRISPR–Cas9 screen, Skafar et al. identify riboflavin (vitamin B₂) as a regulator of FSP1 stability that modulates phospholipid peroxidation and ferroptosis sensitivity in cancer cells.

Parity induces an accumulation of CD8⁺ T cells, including cells with a tissue-resident-memory-like phenotype within human normal breast tissue, offering long-term protection against triple-negative breast cancer.

Using a hydrocarbon-soluble Mg⁰ complex, the heavier tetrel elements silicon, germanium, tin and lead are reduced to their ultimate negative oxidation state −IV. Despite fulfilling the octet rule, tetra-anionic tetrels are highly reactive anions which react as strong Brønsted bases, quadruple nucleophiles or eight-electron reducing agents.

Bansal, Olechnowicz et al. examine levels of inflammatory and neurology-related proteins in individuals with long COVID. They find that vaccination and breakthrough infections are linked to differential plasma levels of a subset of proteins compared to initial infection suggesting an altered immune response outcome upon re-exposure.

Whole-genome sequencing data for 2,778 cancer samples from 2,658 unique donors across 38 cancer types is used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer, revealing that driver mutations can precede diagnosis by several years to decades.

The authors present SVclone, a computational method for inferring the cancer cell fraction of structural variants from whole-genome sequencing data.

One of three back-to-back papers to show dosage of BACH2 can modulate T cell differentiation and function and how we might apply this to enhance chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies for cancer.

Anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment reduces symbiotic nitrogen fixation, but environmental factors alone cannot explain this response. This meta-analysis shows that integrating both environmental factors and plant performance traits improves the predictive accuracy of symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses by 42.7%.

The molecular mechanism linking autoimmunity to the development of lymphoma remains unexplained. Here, the authors develop a mouse model and show that chronic Id-driven T-B collaboration initiates autoreactive B cell responses and drives malignant transformation into lymphoma.

Pseudaminic acids (Pse) are a family of carbohydrates found within bacterial lipopolysaccharides, capsular polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Now, monoclonal antibodies have been developed that recognize diverse Pse across several bacterial species, enabling mapping of the Pse glycoproteome and demonstrating therapeutic potential against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii in in vitro and in vivo infection models.

Transcription factor osr2 is identified as a specific marker and regulator of mural lymphatic endothelial cell (muLEC) differentiation and maintenance, and muLECs and border-associated macrophages share functional analogies but are not homologous, providing an example of convergent evolution.

Using recent TMTH-sulfoximine (THS)-based biorthogonal chemistry in live cells, Smits et al. identify micro- and nanodomains in cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts of heterogenous glycocalyx density in invading melanoma cells.