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Here the authors show that marine diatoms produce tryptophanol, a molecule that at extremely low concentrations rapidly activates nitrogen assimilation genes and enzymes. This facilitates acquisition of nitrogen, a vital ocean nutrient.

Making phenols from lignocellulose without added hydrogen is attractive but typically requires high metal loadings and yields mostly saturated products. A single-atom Pt1Ni alloy converts birch sawdust to phenolic monomers with high yield and propenyl selectivity while leaving cellulose intact.

You, Hu et al. discover a population of COTL1^high NK cells regulated by GITRL⁺ macrophages and demonstrate their functional importance in mediating anti-tumour immunity in cancer with impaired tumour-specific MHC-I expression.

Exceptional points (EPs) in non-Hermitian systems offer a strong response to perturbations, offering a promising platform for sensing. By using a third-order EP of coherent perfect absorption, here, authors demonstrate signal-to-noise ratio enhancement in a passive cavity magnonic system, providing a step forward towards future developments of EP sensing.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are linked to dyslipidemia, but why individuals respond differently is unclear. Here, the authors use a national biomonitoring cohort to reveal how specific genetic variants interact with PBDE exposure to increase risk, identifying a key mechanism that disrupts cholesterol metabolism.

Femtosecond laser pulse-induced coherent helicity switching of magnetic vortices in permalloy disks on picosecond timescales is reported.

The mechanisms underlying high-altitude acclimatization remain unclear. Here authors use the sheep model to reveal multi-tissue temporal dynamics of gene transcription and regulation during acclimatization, and provide resources for hypoxia-related studies.

Grain number per panicle (GNP) is a critical yield component trait of rice. Here, the authors clone a MAPKKK encoding gene GNP3 positively regulating grain yield and show its role in rice panicle development by interacting and destabilizing ethylene biosynthesis related enzyme SADENOSYLMETHIONINE SYNTHETASE 1.

Mg₃(Sb, Bi)₂ is a potential next-generation thermoelectric with cost-effectiveness compared with Bi₂Te₃; however, it suffers from poor moisture corrosion resistance. Here, an anodic protection strategy is presented that substantially reduces corrosion, enabling the 28-day performance of a module in high-temperature and high-humidity environment.

Cyclic di-GMP, a bacterial second messenger, governs many cellular processes including bacterial lifestyle transitions. Here, authors develop a set of FRET-based biosensors that enables them to monitor real-time cellular dynamics of c-di-GMP and to perform a genome-wide analysis that reveals complex interplay between motility and c-di-GMP regulation.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

Here, Ying Li et al. present the results of a randomized controlled feeding trial in prediabetes participants, finding that advancing timing of unsaturated fat (USFA) intake improves insulin sensitivity through the gut microbiome and bile acid metabolism, regardless of USFA type.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is often diagnosed at a late stage due to challenges in detection. Here, the authors develop a serum metabolomics-based algorithm, which outperforms existing detection methods.

In a prospective multi-centre cohort in China, people living in areas of high soil selenium had a 35% increased risk of incident diabetes over a 3-year study period, with a stronger effect seen for men.

Under low-protein conditions, decrease of protein NUFIP1 is found to impair DNA damage response and induce necroptosis in the intestine, thereby contributing to intestinal inflammation in male mice with inflammatory bowel disease.

Arginine addiction induced by argininosuccinate synthase (ASSN1) deficiency has been exploited to treat ASS1-deficient cancers. Here, the authors show an alternative therapeutic approach where ASS1 activity is increased by the pesticide spinosyn A and is shown to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation.

Here the authors reveal a study of 486,956 Han Chinese individuals showing that most people with genetic variants affecting drug response do not have the predicted adverse events, highlighting the challenges of implementing pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.

Cavity-enhanced spectroscopy has now reached temperatures as low as 4 K — colder than most of space. This removes long-standing barriers in measuring hydrogen, which is a benchmark system for testing quantum theory and relevant for metrology.

Su et al. show that inflammatory arthritis pain stems from sustained interferon-driven MNK1/MNK2–elF4E signaling that sensitizes joint-innervating neurons. Blocking this pathway reverses pain, suggesting a targeted therapeutic strategy.

The Akt-mTOR axis influences cell activation, differentiation and metabolism. Jordan and colleagues show that thymic and inducible T_H17 cells exhibit different requirements for mTORC1 and mTORC2 as well as Akt isoforms.

Farnesyl pyrophosphate—a mevalonate pathway metabolic intermediate—is an endogenous alarmin that enhances IgG antibody responses through keratinocyte-derived IL-6 and CCL20.

Synovitis is a key early driver of osteoarthritis (OA), and RANKL contributes to cartilage degradation in OA. Here the authors show that denosumab, an anti-RNKL antibody, reduces synovitis and delays OA progression in animal models and patients.

Measurement-based quantum computing implements quantum algorithms by performing sequences of measurements on special classes of entangled states, such as cluster states. This approach has now been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

RNAret introduces a Retentive Network-based architecture to RNA modeling, enabling linear complexity for long sequences and demonstrating superior performance in predicting RNA interactions, secondary structures, and coding potential.

Data heterogeneity presents a challenge in distributed artificial intelligence (AI) for medical imaging across diverse clinical settings. Here, the authors develop HeteroSync Learning, a privacy-preserving distributed learning framework that mitigates data heterogeneity and outperforms classical, state-of-the-art, and foundation models.

An integrated multi-taxa biogeographic analysis of 183 cavefish species endemic to China suggest that the origin and diversification of cavefishes are closely linked to the evolution of karst landscape since the late Eocene.

Low outcrossing rate of sterile lines limits hybrid rice seed production. Here, the authors report that mutation of a SET domain-containing protein HER1 leads to enlarged stigma, enhanced stigma exsertion, and hybrid seed production in rice.

The efficacy of the TGF-β×PD-L1 bispecific antibody (BsAb) is not promising clinically. The authors here develop a Y101S, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting TGF-β, PD-L1, and STING, which manifests superior anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical models with the mechanism of enhanced CXCL16 mediated cytotoxic CXCR6⁺ T cells recruitment.

Maintaining proper reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance is critical for cellular and individual health, yet its dynamic nature encumbers monitoring and assessment. Here the authors propose a platform using mass cytometry-based detection, termed SN-ROP, to identify distinct ROS profiles associated with specific immune cell functions and disease states.

The kinase WEE1 regulates replication stress responses by directly phosphorylating cell cycle driver CDKs. Now, WEE1 is found to regulate CDKs via an indirect pathway involving the E3 ligase FBL17 and CDK inhibitors, a mechanism probably shared between plants and humans.

The activity and stability of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS, a key mediator of innate antiviral immunity and autoimmunity, is fine-tuned by post-translational modifications. Here, the authors demonstrate that the ubiquitin E3 ligase ARIH1 catalyzes the mono-ISGylation of cGAS and promotes its oligomerization in response to viral and self DNA.

Eggplant is a globally widely cultivated vegetable. Here, the authors report the construction of pangenome based on 11 new and six existing chromosome-scale genomes assemblies, perform population genomic analyses of 226 accessions, and reveal structural variations associated with fruit color and bacterial wilt resistance.

Glycosylated asparagine residues that mediate the function of the B7H3 protein are unclear. Here the authors identify the important N-glycosylation sites for B7H3 cell surface localization and T cell inhibition, followed by the development of N91/309 and N104/322 preferentially targeting monoclonal antibody manifesting enhanced antitumor immunity.

Loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN is often observed during endometrial cancer (EC) progression. Here the authors show that the deacetylase SIRT7 mediates PTEN deacetylation in an estrogen-dependent manner, leading to increased ubiquitination and degradation of PTEN to promote EC metastasis.

In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), cisplatin is known to be associated with poor treatment compliance and notable side effects therefore more effective platinum drugs are expected. Here this group updates the 10-year survival analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, phase 3 trial evaluating the efficacy of lobaplatin and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy on 502 NPC patients.

We introduce meta-amplified dark-field interferometric scattering microscopy, which uses a plasmonic metasurface to enhance sensitivity and contrast by converting nanoparticle-induced phase perturbations into strong far-field scattering signals.

CABLE harnesses cytoarchitectural information such as cell or nuclear shape to infer fiber tracts in the brain of, for example, marmosets, macaques or humans.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Biogenic–anthropogenic interactions increase the formation and prevalence of secondary organic aerosol coatings on urban black carbon in Nanjing, China. These coatings amplify radiative effects, according to a model–data analysis for 2023.

Ribas and colleagues report the results of a phase 2 clinical trial of neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade in patients with surgically resectable desmoplastic melanoma.

A gap-free telomere-to-telomere genome assembly for a ram of Hu sheep uncovers genes and variants associated with domestication and selection for wool fineness.