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Modelling demonstrates that the Venus’ lower haze originates from cosmic dust. These particles also provide a plausible source for the long-unidentified UV absorber, establishing cosmic dust as a vital component of the planet’s climate system.

Using blood-based genome sequence data, non-genetic and genetic factors associated with control of Epstein–Barr virus during persistent infection are reported.

SeeDB-Live is a tissue-clearing approach for live samples such as tissue slices or the in vivo brain. It improves image quality while having minimal effects on electrophysiological properties of neurons.

Developing strategies for reducing carbon emissions in municipal solid waste management is essential to achieve the net-zero target. Here the authors systematically assess strategy options of different countries for achieving net-zero municipal solid waste management.

Hirota and colleagues examine the heterogeneity of T_H17 cells, distinguished by CD103 and CD200 expression, and demonstrate the transition from a stem-like state to a pathogenic state in arthritic joints driven by tissue-restricted secondary autoimmune T cell receptor signaling.

In mice, a low-protein diet leads to a gut-microbiota-driven remodelling of adipose tissue towards brown fat, showing that gut microorganisms have a role in detecting and responding to a lack of protein.

Spin torques generated via the spin-Hall effect in CoFeB/W/MgO are found to stabilize magnetization in a high-energy anti-parallel state relative to an applied magnetic field. This observation serves as a platform for studying far-from-equilibrium spin dynamics and holds promise for realizing unconventional computing paradigms.

Starburst galaxies are seen to host galaxy-scale winds, which are super-fast and could be powered entirely by the thermal pressure of gas heated by supernovae.

Here the authors investigate the significance of endothelial C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and its receptor GCB in the development of pulmonary hypertension using multiple models. They show that endothelial CNP/GC-B signaling suppresses vasoproliferative and inflammatory pathways, thereby limiting vascular remodeling.

XRISM spectroscopy of the nucleus of the Circinus galaxy indicates elemental abundances suggestive of a dominant enrichment from core-collapse supernovae with progenitors below 20 solar masses; more massive stars may directly collapse into black holes.

Two-step genome editing of protocadherin γC4 mutant mice highlights the essential role of full-length γC4 containing the cytoplasmic constant region in neuronal survival and Purkinje cell dendritic self-avoidance.

Takada, Gunarathna et al. analyze circulating chromatin fragments in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with abemaciclib. Their findings show that cfDNA reflects drug-induced molecular responses and implicates Polycomb signaling in therapy effectiveness, providing a non-invasive marker of treatment response.

A single-cell multiomic immune cell atlas from 235 Japanese, including patients with COVID-19 and healthy individuals, linked with host genetics including germline and somatic mutation, plasma proteomics and metagenomics data reveals that immune cells are dynamically regulated in a cell state-dependent manner.

Global Burden of Disease estimates show that between 1990 and 2023, the prevalence and burden of drug use disorders, inclusive of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use, have been increasing in high-income countries, particularly in the USA.

This study shows that slow earthquake slip in the Nankai Trough is confined by structural barriers, including fault geometry, material contrasts, and subducted ridges, revealing key controls on the potential extent of future megathrust ruptures.

Analysis of the blood DNA virome in patients with COVID-19 and autoimmune disease associates endogenous HHV-6 (eHHV-6) and high anellovirus load with increased disease risk, most notably for systemic lupus erythematosus. eHHV-6 carriers show a distinct immune response.

A genome-wide association study highlights a variant in DOCK2, which is common in East Asian populations but rare in Europeans, as a host genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19.

Comparative analyses using life history data reveal that cooperative breeding evolved at least seven times in cichlid fishes inhabiting Lake Tanganyika, an ancient African lake, and that body size and clutch size are evolutionarily correlated with the social system.

This study presents an interfacial stress decoupling strategy using dithiol-based self-assembled layers enabling stable palladium hydrogen sensing, demonstrating wafer-scale device fabrication and seamless integration of a portable detection platform.

It is currently unknown how uniform is signalling at the first synapse of vision in vivo. Here, the authors show neighbouring PR1 (red) cones differ in contrast sensitivity and timing due to locally stochastic horizontal-cell feedback, thereby extending total dynamic range.

The hepatitis B virus surface protein recognizes host entry receptor via its intrinsically disordered peptide. The authors reveal the dynamic process of the viral surface protein that involves a stepwise binding maturation for establishing high affinity and specific virus-receptor entry complex.

De novo and inherited dominant variants in genes encoding U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are identified in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. The variants cluster at nucleotide positions distinct from those implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.

The TRPV3 ion channel has been reported to contribute to thermosensation. Here, the authors use electrophysiology and a thermal gradient ring method to show a transmembrane protein TMEM79 negatively regulates TRPV3-mediate currents and changed thermal preference.

Genetic mechanisms influencing COVID-19 susceptibility are not well understood. Here, the authors analyzed whole blood RNA-seq data of 465 Japanese individuals with COVID-19, highlighting thousands of fine-mapped variants affecting expression and splicing of genes, as well as the presence of COVID-19 severity-interaction eQTLs.

TGF-ß and IL-6 are the essential cytokines for mediating the differentiation of IL-17-producing CD4+ T helper cells (T_H17). Here, Yoon et al. provide more insights into this process and describe the opposing roles of TGFß-signalling intermediates Smad2 and Smad3 as STAT3 cofactors in Th17 differentiation.

Geospatial estimates of the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age across 82 low-income and middle-income countries reveals considerable heterogeneity and inequality at national and subnational levels, with few countries on track to meet the WHO Global Nutrition Targets by 2030.

Kinematic measurements of the Perseus galaxy cluster reveal two drivers of gas motions: a small-scale driver in the inner core associated with black-hole feedback and a large-scale driver in the outer core powered by mergers.

A fundamental challenge in condensed matter physics is to understand how disordered materials deform under stress. Shiihara et al. develop a frozen atom analysis showing that deformation in CuZr metallic glasses stochastically arises from dynamically formed atomic groups in shear transformation zones.

Vigilance involves the activation of orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH-ox). Here the authors report the functional role of a monosynaptically connected circuit with orexinergic neurons connected to noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus which target lateral amygdala neurons and enhance fear expression and generalization.

Using more than 100 independent iPSC lines derived from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the authors discovered loci associated with the neuronal production of amyloid β and confirmed their influence using RNA interference.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 73 Japanese patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 75 healthy controls were analyzed using single-cell transcriptomics. Combining these data with genotyping data highlights the interplay between host genetics and the immune response in modulating disease severity.

Wolbachia, not the host genome, primarily determines femaleness in Wolbachia-infected Ostrinia strains, potentially arising from prolonged host-symbiont co-evolution. Here authors show loss of the host’s endogenous feminizer in infected Ostrinia moths.