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The anterior cingulate cortex encodes affective pain behaviours modulated by opioids; targeting opioid-sensitive neurons through a new chemogenetic gene therapy replicates the analgesic effects of morphine, providing precise chronic pain relief without affecting sensory detection.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

By combining satellite observations with ground-based data and expert validation, this analysis demonstrates considerable misestimation of grassland extent and thereby carbon stock estimates in previous global assessments based on remote sensing.

Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

While CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are often initially successful in many breast cancer subtypes, often resistance develops and other subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) fail to respond. Here, the authors demonstrate that the CDK2 inhibitor BLU-222, alone or with CDK4/6i, restores cell-cycle control via p21/p27 induction overcoming resistance in preclinical models of breast cancer, including TNBC.

Newly developed mouse models that enable cell-specific analyses of proteostasis dynamics across the lifespan of the mice reveal key aspects of neuronal proteostasis with ageing.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

Gram-negative bacteria use a multiprotein complex, LptB₂FGC, to transport lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to the outer membrane. Here, Fiorentino et al. present cryo-EM structures of the complex from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, revealing species-specific features and providing insights into LPS transport mechanisms.

With its attribution to Paranthropus, a 2.6-million-year-old partial mandible expands the range of the genus into the Afar region of Ethiopia and adds to our understanding of hominin evolution in eastern Africa.

Chen et al. show that redox signals activate ADAR1 to fix faulty RNA pieces during DNA copying, ensuring smooth replication and protecting genome stability.

An outstanding question about the iron-based superconductors has been whether or not their magnetic characteristics are dominated by itinerant or localized magnetic moments. Absolute measurements and calculations of the magnetic response of undoped and Ni-doped BaFe₂As₂ indicate the latter.

The Akt-mTOR axis influences cell activation, differentiation and metabolism. Jordan and colleagues show that thymic and inducible T_H17 cells exhibit different requirements for mTORC1 and mTORC2 as well as Akt isoforms.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

By integrating a ribo-seq dataset of 195 individuals with RNA-seq and proteomics data from the same cohort, researchers found prevalent post-transcriptional attenuation of eQTL effects and identified omic-specific QTLs associated with schizophrenia.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Tools to identify who will develop Crohn’s disease in the future are limited. Here, the authors develop and validate a proteomics-based model that predicts disease onset up to 16 years before clinical diagnosis.

This study reports that the gene SMPED1, located in a previously identified dichogamy-determining region in Alpinia species, controls the timing of sex-organ synchrony, improving our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms of plant sexual diversity.

T cell immunity declines with thymic atrophy, but thymic cell grafts rescue T cell function.

A transverse Peierls transition can occur when transverse acoustic phonons couple with conducting p-orbital electrons. Here, the authors observe an incommensurate transverse Peierls transition and signatures of a chiral charge density wave in EuAl₄.

Here, the authors examine the mechanisms behind cheatgrass’s successful invasion of North American ecosystems. Their genetic analyses and common garden experiments demonstrate that multiple introductions and migrations facilitated cheatgrass local adaptation.

Solid-state sodium metal batteries with oxide solid-state electrolytes still face interfacial challenges. Here, authors report an electroinitiated polymerization strategy that heals interfaces, enhances stability, and enables long-life performance without external pressure.

Federated learning (FL) algorithms have emerged as a promising solution to train models for healthcare imaging across institutions while preserving privacy. Here, the authors describe the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) challenge for the decentralised benchmarking of FL algorithms and evaluation of Healthcare AI algorithm generalizability in real-world cancer imaging datasets.

Data obtained from the MicroBooNE liquid-argon time projection chamber are used to exclude the single light sterile neutrino interpretation of the LSND and MiniBooNE anomalies at the 95% confidence level.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Disparities in risk and outcomes of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are apparent between different ancestries. Here the authors identify genetic variants with African ancestry-specific risks for developing pediatric B-cell ALL that are also linked to greater 5-year mortality risk.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

A study reveals a gut–brain sensory pathway through which the microbial component flagellin activates neuropod cells in the colon to signal the brain and reduce feeding in mice.

Thermal lepton pairs are ideal probes for the temperature of quark-gluon plasma. Here, the STAR Collaboration uses thermal electron-positron pair production to measure quark-gluon plasma average temperature at different stages of the evolution.

The authors achieve a high electrocaloric effect in barium titanate ceramics with a defect dipole engineering strategy. As a result, defect dipole engineering enables BaTiO₃ to achieve an electrocaloric effect over a wide temperature range.

Feng, Luo and colleagues show that the combination of glucose and fructose, as found in sugar-sweetened beverages, promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through a mechanism involving sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD).

A single MRI scan can provide reliable estimates of human lifetime brain atrophy, helping overcome lifespan data collection challenges. This may enhance genetic studies of late-life neurodegeneration and reveal new insights into its underlying mechanisms.

MultiSTAAR provides a general and flexible statistical framework for functionally informed multi-trait rare variant analysis of biobank-scale sequencing studies by jointly analyzing multiple traits and incorporating annotation information.

The Einstein Probe has discovered a fast X-ray transient, EP240414a, associated with a broad-lined type Ic supernova. Its unusually soft spectrum and weak jet add to the diversity of stellar deaths and suggest a previously unknown Wolf–Rayet star explosion mechanism.

A cost-effective all-in-one halide cathode material with high energy density and exceptional cycling stability can be used to achieve energy-dense, durable cathodes for the next generation of all-solid-state batteries.

A study reports on the antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1, BA.1.1 and BA.2 and the neutralizing activity of different monoclonal antibodies and sera against them.

Although the Ruddlesden–Popper series of compounds offer a range of appealing properties, their fabrication in thin-film form has been challenging. Using molecular beam epitaxy, layered oxide films of this family are synthesized, and shown to undergo a dynamical rearrangement during the growth process.

KCTD10 interacts with the DNA replication machinery and the RNA polymerase complex, inducing ubiquitination and removal of the transcription machinery in the event of co-directional transcription–replication conflicts.

The safety and efficacy of ribonucleoproteins for genome editing can be enhanced by formulations of lipid nanoparticles optimized for enhanced stability, delivery efficiency and editing potency of the protein complexes.