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Estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study reveal declines in chronic respiratory disease mortality between 1990 and 2023—especially during the COVID-19 pandemic—but the burdens on people affected remain substantial.

De novo and inherited dominant variants in genes encoding U4 and U6 small nuclear RNAs are identified in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. The variants cluster at nucleotide positions distinct from those implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Compiling data on floral introductions and European colonial history of regions worldwide, the authors find that compositional similarity of floras is higher than expected among regions once occupied by the same empire and similarity increases with the length of time the region was occupied by that empire.

DNA methylation and gene expression data integration identify aging-related genes in blood that predict health outcomes, offering new insights into aging biology and potential therapeutic targets.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative (TPMI) has built a cohort of more than half a million individuals with Han Chinese ancestry, providing a rich resource of genetic and medical data for this group.

In this study, the authors use a maternal infection mouse model to show that Zika virus infection during pregnancy reshapes offspring immunity in a sex-specific manner, weakening neutrophil defenses and heightening vulnerability to infections and inflammation later in life.

Here the authors perform longitudinal sampling of lymphoid organs along with fate mapping and matched single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR sequencing to define the developmental dynamics of follicular regulatory T (T_FR) cells. They find that T_FR cells undergo clonal expansion and progressive differentiation in a process that requires follicular helper T cells.

cellSTAAR advances noncoding rare variant association analysis by integrating single-cell genomics data.

In this multicenter phase 1 trial of patients with advanced solid tumors resistant to anti-PD-1 therapy, treatment with the anti-latent TGFβ1 antibody linavonkibart with or without pembrolizumab was safe, and encouraging clinical response rates were associated with T cell infiltration and immune activation.

The Taiwan Precision Medicine Initiative recruited and genotyped more than half a million Taiwanese participants, almost all of Han Chinese ancestry, and performed comprehensive genomic analyses and developed polygenic risk score prediction models for numerous health conditions.

The CMS Collaboration reports the measurement of the spin, parity, and charge conjugation properties of all-charm tetraquarks, exotic fleeting particles formed in proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

Genomic analyses applied to 14 childhood- and adult-onset psychiatric disorders identifies five underlying genomic factors that explain the majority of the genetic variance of the individual disorders.

Polygenic scores for body mass index and obesity constructed using data from 5 million people with different ancestries were associated with distinct weight gain trajectories from early childhood to adulthood.

The ALICE Collaboration provides details on the microscopic mechanism that ends up creating antideuteron in high-energy proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider.

The authors spatially and functionally map innate lymphoid cells in the human female genital tract at homeostasis, uncovering tissue-specific and subset-specific distribution and functions, and rapid antiviral responses following HIV exposure.

Insertion trauma triggers NETosis and acute inflammation, impairing CGM performance. Neutrophils from T2D patients fail to form NETs on sensors, suggesting metabolic dysfunction. Targeting NETs may enhance sensor integration and extend device lifespan.

Here the authors demonstrate a mechanism by which PNPLA3 and its risk variant I148M contribute to intracellular lipid metabolism. PNPLA3 interacts with ABHD5 to prevent the PNPLA2–ABHD5 interaction, thereby inhibiting lipolysis in brown adipocytes and promoting lipid storage. The PNPLA3 I148M variant enhances this interaction.

Forkhead box transcription factor, FOXQ1 is reported to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis. Here the authors show that FOXQ1 recruits the KMT2/MLL histone methyltransferase complex as a transcriptional coactivator to activate EMT programme in breast cancer.

The fungal pathogen Candida glabrata readily acquires resistance to multiple types of antifungal drugs. Here, Healey et al. show that C. glabrataclinical isolates often carry mutations in a gene involved in DNA mismatch repair, and this is associated with increased propensity to develop antifungal resistance.

Across a global dataset of over 11,000 naturalized alien plant species, the authors find that species are likely to naturalize both in regions with climates and floras similar to those in their native ranges, and in regions with a lower diversity or stronger human impact than in their native range.

Metazoans have evolved endocrine systems that signal through dimerized receptors in response to cognate hormones. These authors characterize a nematode homolog of such human receptors, presenting the cryo-EM structure of an asymmetric dimer that embodies properties of the human receptors.

Using 147 MRIs (25–60 weeks), this first longitudinal study of R2* across fetal to neonatal periods shows distinct regional trajectories, with linear and non-linear patterns reflecting iron-related maturation and perinatal adaptation.

The authors show that the CD4 mimetic CJF-III-288 stabilizes HIV-1 Env in an asymmetric “open” State-3 conformation, guiding anti-CoRBS antibodies to boost ADCC against infected cells and delay viral rebound in vivo, underscoring therapeutic promise.

How changes in species’ native occupancy over time relate to global naturalization success remains unclear. Here, the authors show that species with both high occupancy decades ago and increasing native occupancy ever since are more likely to become naturalized elsewhere.

Human APOBEC3A (A3A) and APOBEC3B (A3B) proteins convert cytosines in hairpin loops to uracils and cause mutations with differing preferences for loop sizes and sequences. Examination of human tumor mutations reflects largely the preferences of A3A, not A3B.

Genome-wide analyses identify 30 independent loci associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder, highlighting genetic overlap with other psychiatric disorders and implicating putative effector genes and cell types contributing to its etiology.

A multiscale photoproximity labeling proteomics workflow captures dynamic neighborhoods of extracellular and intracellular epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor interactomes during early, middle and late signaling upon activation by EGF.

A large genome-wide association study of more than 5 million individuals reveals that 12,111 single-nucleotide polymorphisms account for nearly all the heritability of height attributable to common genetic variants.

A study of several longitudinal birth cohorts and cross-sectional cohorts finds only moderate overlap in genetic variants between autism that is diagnosed earlier and that diagnosed later, so they may represent aetiologically different conditions.

HIV replication has been shown previously to be inhibited by combinations of T cells and NK cells according to HLA and KIR haplotype. Here the authors consider a combination of KIR2DL2+ NK and HLA-C*12:02-restricted T cells and clarify how a specific HIV pol escape mutant facilitates virus control by KIR2DL2+ NK cells.

The quark structure of the f₀(980) hadron is still unknown after 50 years of its discovery. Here, the CMS Collaboration reports a measurement of the elliptic flow of the f₀(980) state in proton-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon centre-of-mass energy of 8.16 TeV, providing strong evidence that the state is an ordinary meson.