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MedHELM, an extensible evaluation framework including a new taxonomy for classifying medical tasks and a benchmark of many datasets across these categories, enables the evaluation of large language models on real-world clinical tasks.

Humanity’s Last Exam, a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, is designed to be an expert-level closed-ended academic benchmark with broad subject coverage.

Engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies neutralize and entrap viruses to enhance mucosal immunity, preventing influenza infection and limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Engineered bacteria sense gut bleeding and secrete repair materials.

The mechanical reliability and scalability of flexible perovskite solar cells remain challenging. Mingzhu He et al. design β-cyclodextrin derivatives to reinforce grain boundaries, enhancing both the efficiency and stability of cells and modules.

mRNA vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 also sensitize tumours to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Mechanical cues are key for modulation and metabolism in neural regeneration, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, the authors developed mechano-bioactive piezoelectric hydrogel bioelectronics to achieve mechanical-electrical-bioenergetic energy conversion for neural repair

A modular nanobody-based approach assembles combination vaccines by stably attaching diverse antigens to hepatitis E virus-like particles, preserving native immunogenicity and inducing broad protection against respiratory pathogens.

Schrank et al. report the design and characterization of an antibody–toxin conjugate targeting CD47, promoting anti-tumor immunity in preclinical cancer models.

The authors identify two coexisting incommensurate charge density waves whose interplay leads to joint commensuration and a long-period moiré structure.

Individual spectral strain tuning of waveguide-coupled quantum dot single-photon emitters into a thin-film lithium niobate photonic platform is demonstrated, allowing quantum interference of two spatially separated quantum dot single-photon emitters.

Understanding archaeal metabolic gene regulation is technically challenging due to the difficulty of measuring gene expression dynamics in individual archaeal cells. Here, Dong et al. develop a method to quantify the transcriptional dynamics of multiple metabolic genes in single cells of a methanogenic archaeon.

Non-fullerene acceptors with large quadrupole moments strongly affect thin-film energetics. Here, the authors show a significant energetic shift (>200 meV) of Y6 upon changing its orientation from face-on to more edge-on using different solvents and its critical impact on organic photovoltaics.

A tunable magnetic nanochains platform (EVGpro) enables tandem enrichment, proteomic, and N-glycoproteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from ultratrace biofluids. EVGpro identifies N-glycoprotein signatures and two asthenozoospermia subtypes.

A new artificial intelligence model, DeepSeek-R1, is introduced, demonstrating that the reasoning abilities of large language models can be incentivized through pure reinforcement learning, removing the need for human-annotated demonstrations.

Here, the authors show how Aurora kinase A (AURKA) employs Rab1a to direct ER remodeling. Activated Rab1A is retained on the ER and directly interacts with the RTN/REEP ER-shaping machinery to promote its oligomerization, eventually triggering an increase of ER complexity during mitosis.

Despite the importance of grapevine cultivation in human history and the economic values of cultivar improvement, large-scale genomic variation data are lacking. Here the authors resequence 472 Vitis accessions and use the identified genetic variations for domestication history, demography, and GWAS analyses.

There is an emerging interest in the use of mRNA therapeutics in cancer treatment, but their precise in vivo delivery remains a challenge. Here the authors develop IFN-γ mRNA-loaded small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with CD64 overexpressed on their surface and demonstrate its efficacy in glioblastoma mouse models resistant to immunotherapy.

The authors introduce and demonstrate a programmable optically-driven organic micro-actuator for precise manipulation of on-chip structures. This paves the way for adaptive, multifunctional photonic systems.

The hydrophobicity, electrostatic charge and secondary conformation of helical polypeptides can be optimized to stimulate antitumour innate immune responses via endoplasmic reticulum stress in antigen-presenting cells.

Manipulating collective phenomena in solid-state platforms with optical means is an ongoing topic of interest in condensed matter physics. Here, the authors demonstrate all-optical room-temperature manipulation of electronic states in the charge-density-wave material EuTe₄.

Yang et al. show an age-related increase in the microbial-derived metabolite phenylacetylglutamine that drives host cellular senescence by inducing DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction via ADR–AMPK signaling.

The ectoenzyme CD73 is often elevated in tumour environments and targeting this protein is a tumour therapeutic target. Here the authors characterise a therapeutic anti-CD73 antibody cocktail which is more effective than either antibody alone and suggest a molecular mechanism of how this antibody cocktail functions.

To overcome limitations with anion dissolution, the authors design 2D FeTeSe nanosheets as electrocatalyst. The reaction-driven, in-situ generation of anisotropic in-plane tensile and out-of-plane compressive strains enhances the alkaline low-concentration nitrate reduction.

The instability of quantum dot inks hinders the scaling up of colloidal quantum dot electronics. Now, Shi and team stabilize the inks with an iodine-rich environment in a weakly coordinating solvent, achieving 13.4% in small-area solar cells and over 10% in modules.

While Bell inequalities have been violated several times—mostly in photonic systems—their violations within particle physics experiments are less explored. Here, the BESIII Collaboration showcases Bell-violating nonlocal correlations between entangled hyperon pairs.

Here, the authors find a decrease in hepatic phagocytic uptake of nanoparticles in old mice due to age-associated downregulation of the scavenger receptor MARCO, which led to improved tumour delivery and antitumour efficacy of cancer nanomedicine, showing the need to consider age as a factor in therapeutics.

Occult node metastasis is a key staging component of non-small cell lung cancer. Here, the authors use deep learning to improve diagnosis of lymph node metastasis from PET and CT radiomics.

Though single-material organic solar cells are attractive for next-generation photovoltaic technologies, designing new materials with ideal properties remains a challenge. Here, the authors report the use of orientation-dependent molecular electrostatics to realise efficient homojunction devices.

Small RNA plays an important role in regulating the plant defence against bacterial pathogens. Here the authors propose that miR863-3p acts to fine-tune the timing of defence responses by sequentially silencing negative and positive regulators of the plant immune response.

The miniature RNA-guided endonuclease IscB and its ωRNA were engineered for efficient gene editing in mammalian cells. Fusions of ‘enIscB’ to T5 exonuclease and cytosine or adenosine deaminase yield versatile tools for genome engineering.

The performance of p-type transistors based on 2D semiconductors has not yet reached the level required for the realization of competitive complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. In this Comment, the authors discuss the recent developments, current challenges, and future outlook of 2D p-type transistors.

Solid tumours are less responsive to immunotherapies than haematological tumours due to specific biological differences. In this paper the authors propose a strategy to decorate the cell membrane of solid tumours with a protein typically present on haematological tumour cells that promotes phagocytosis of cancer cells, and show that this results in an increased immunotherapy efficacy in animal models of solid tumours.

In this work, the authors design a Mo₂N/MoO₂-x nonmetallic plasmonic catalyst by regulating synergy between two specific active sites. Highly efficient, selective, and durable CO₂ hydrogenation under relatively mild reaction conditions is achieved

The genome of the tropical blue-petal water lily Nymphaea colorata and the transcriptomes from 19 other Nymphaeales species provide insights into the early evolution of angiosperms.

Asymmetric transformations involving abundant chemical feedstocks such as toluene and its derivatives are rather rare. Here, the authors report the radical enantioselective C(sp³) −C(sp³) coupling of activated ketones with toluenes by means of chiral acid catalysis to afford enantioenriched tertiary alcohols.

Here a strategy is proposed to increase the temperature stability of polymer dielectrics by using mechanical bonding from cyclic polyethers to damp the local vibrations of polymer chains, thus inhibiting high-temperature charge transport and enabling a discharged energy density of 4.1 J cm⁻³ with 90% efficiency at 250 °C.

Methanogenic hydrocarbon degradation can be carried out by archaea either by coupling alkane oxidation directly to methanogenesis, or in syntrophic associations with bacteria. Here, the authors provide experimental evidence supporting that methanogenic degradation of hydrocarbons can also be mediated by syntrophic cooperation between archaeal partners.

Deep vein thrombosis after trauma (pt-DVT) patients undergo metabolic changes but a comprehensive characterization in humans is lacking. Here the authors integrate metabolome and proteome to reveal pt-DVT-related metabolic alterations and their function, and reveal potential biomarkers.

Intestinal commensal bacteria are closely associated with metabolic health. Here, the authors show that Lactobacillus reuteri ZJ617 mitigates metabolic syndrome by supplying substrate S-adenosylmethionine for spermidine-producing bacteria to promote spermidine synthesis in intestine.

The stability of perovskite photovoltaics under reverse bias is limited and thus an issue for real-world applications. Nengxu Li and colleagues report the underlying degradation mechanism at the cathode side and a multilayer barrier to minimize it.

Glucocorticoids dephosphorylate GR at Ser212/Ser234 to drive catabolic transcription, whereas Irisin restores ERK/JNK-mediated GR phosphorylation through integrin αvβ5, inhibiting GC-driven muscle atrophy.

Wang et al. profile age-dependent miRNAomic changes in worm tissues and extracellular vesicles (EVs). They show that ageing controls miRNAs in a tissue-specific manner and their findings further suggest a complex EV-mediated miRNA trafficking network across tissues.

Investigating the inner structure of baryons is important to further our understanding of the strong interaction. Here, the BESIII Collaboration extracts the absolute value of the ratio of the electric to magnetic form factors and its relative phase for e + e − → J/ψ → ΛΣ decays, enhancing the signal thanks to the vacuum polarisation effect at the J/ψ peak.

This work describes the identification of Cas13 proteins from two families by mining public metagenomic data. The newly identified Cas13X.1 shows efficient target knockdown and can be used to degrade SARS-CoV-2 and H1N1 genomes. In addition, the truncated Cas13X.1 offers an advantage in generating mini-RNA base editors.

Hybrid metal halide semiconductors typically rely on chiral A-site ammonium cations for chiral induction in the lattice. Now it has been shown that chirality in low-dimensional achiral metal halide semiconductors can be induced by non-ammonium, non-A-site chiral molecules through remote stereocontrol of the inorganic framework.