Review Articles

The prevalence of dementia is rising in low-income and middle-income countries, but access to advanced diagnostic and research tools such as neuroimaging remains severely restricted in these regions. This Review highlights the potential of low-field MRI as an accessible alternative to conventional imaging in resource-limited settings.

This Review explores how reciprocal brain–heart interactions can cause dysfunction in one of these organs to adversely affect the other. The authors discuss clinical conditions, such as Takotsubo syndrome and stroke–heart syndrome, in which these interactions are particularly prominent and address sex and gender differences in brain–heart interactions.

In this Review, the authors outline the physiology and innervation of the lower urinary tract and sexual organs and discuss various aspects of urogenital dysfunction in CNS (brain and spinal cord) disorders. Advances in the management of urogenital dysfunction in patients with neurological disorders are also discussed.

Impairment of episodic memory — the ability to recollect personal experiences — is an early symptom of Alzheimer disease (AD) and profoundly affects life participation and independence. This Review introduces the circuit utilization framework, which posits that episodic memory impairment in AD includes a regainable component stemming from suboptimal utilization of brain circuits.

Organoids provide a useful model to capture the heterogeneity of brain tumours. Here, the authors assess current methodologies for generating organoids from various types of brain tumour and discuss how these models have enhanced mechanistic insight into tumour initiation, progression and resistance to treatment, moving towards precision medicine.

Clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease (PD) have limitations, but no validated biomarker-based diagnostic framework currently exists. In this Review, Tolosa et al. examine progress towards biomarker-based diagnosis of PD, focusing on α-synuclein seed amplification assays alongside molecular, imaging and genetic markers.

This Review explores how individual-level and neighbourhood-level social factors, including income, education, health-care access and neighbourhood deprivation, contribute to disparities in cognitive and neurobehavioural outcomes in people with epilepsy. The authors propose a new framework that integrates biological and social factors to better explain the heterogeneity of these outcomes.

We are witnessing a worldwide resurgence in vaccine-preventable neurological diseases owing to gaps in vaccination coverage caused by multiple factors, including vaccine hesitancy and geopolitical conflicts. This Review highlights ongoing challenges to controlling vaccine-preventable neurological diseases such as measles, poliomyelitis, Japanese encephalitis and meningitis and considers how collaborative global strategies can facilitate effective immunization policies.

Emerging evidence suggests that a better understanding of the heterogeneity in symptoms and survival among people with glioma requires a network-based approach. This Review describes three major types of network scaffolds relevant in glioma — symptom networks, the connectome and tumour biology networks — and explores the interactions between each scaffold.

Cognitive impairment is one of a range of non-motor symptoms that people with Parkinson disease (PD) can experience in addition to the hallmark motor symptoms of the disease. In this Review, Oikonomou et al. outline the epidemiology and natural history of cognitive decline in PD and related disorders, and discuss the key underlying pathophysiological factors and mechanisms.

Growing evidence indicates important roles for microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer disease. This Review summarizes the latest insights into the mechanisms by which microglial phagocytosis can affect Alzheimer disease pathology and how this process might be harnessed for therapeutic interventions.

Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements are increasingly recognized as risk factors for stroke and other cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases and vice versa. This Review explores the shared pathophysiological mechanisms that could underly this bidirectional relationship.

This article reviews the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Latin America and how they might be influenced by genetic, environmental and socioeconomic factors that are unique to this region. The authors also describe diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis and current approaches to MS treatment and management in Latin American countries.

Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic modifiers, mostly DNA repair genes, that significantly influence the onset and progression of Huntington disease, pointing to somatic CAG repeat expansions as a key pathological driver. Here, Tabrizi and colleagues review the evidence for this paradigm and discuss the potential for therapeutic interventions.

Fatigue is a burdensome symptom that is commonly encountered in people with neurological or non-neurological diseases, but it is poorly understood and lacks a common definition and conceptualization. This Review presents new a conceptual model of fatigue that is designed to improve communication between experts from different methodological and medical backgrounds.

Many autoimmune and genetic causes of sporadic late-onset cerebellar ataxia (SLOCA) can now be identified, but some individuals remain categorized as having idiopathic SLOCA. Wirth and colleagues discuss advanced genomic techniques that might identify additional ‘missing’ SLOCA causes, potential prognostic biomarkers and progress towards effective treatments.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most prevalent muscular dystrophy in adulthood and among the most clinically diverse monogenic diseases. This Review summarizes the latest insights into the molecular underpinnings of DM1, highlighting the implications for therapy development.

Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) shows considerable promise as a therapeutic strategy for neurological and psychiatric disorders. This Review explores the role of NIBS techniques, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation, for treating cognitive impairments, speech and language difficulties, and motor control deficits in people with neurodegenerative or brain lesion disorders.

This Review considers the aetiology of health disparities in neurology at an individual, interpersonal, community and societal level, and suggests practical interventions to address the multifactorial issues.

Management of autoimmune neuropathies has remained unchanged for much of the past 30 years, but recent advances are changing the rate of progress. In this Review, the authors summarize the latest developments, including discoveries in disease mechanisms, new diagnostic guidelines, identification of new biomarkers and the status of promising clinical trials.